Electrical isolation of pulmonary veins (PVI) is the cornerstone of invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, arrhythmia-free survival of a PVI only approach is suboptimal in patients with persistent and long-term persistent AF. Hybrid AF ablation has been developed with the aim of combining the advantages of a thoracoscopic surgical ablation (direct visualization of anatomical structures to be spared and the possibility to perform epicardial lesions) and endocardial ablation (possibility to check line block, confirm PVI, and possibility to perform cavotricuspid isthmus ablation). Patient selection is of utmost importance. In persistent and long-term persistent AF, hybrid AF ablation demonstrated promising results in terms of AF free survival. It has been associated with a relatively low complication rate if performed in centers with expertise in hybrid procedures and experience with both surgical and endocardial ablation. Different techniques have been described, with different approaches and lesion sets. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of hybrid AF ablation.

Electrical storm is a medical emergency characterized by ventricular arrythmia recurrence that can lead to hemodynamic instability. The incidence of this clinical condition is rising, mainly in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients, and its prognosis is often poor. Early acknowledgment, management and treatment have a key role in reducing mortality in the acute phase and improving the quality of life of these patients. In an emergency setting, several measures can be employed. Anti-arrhythmic drugs, based on the underlying disease, are often the first step to control the arrhythmic burden; besides that, new therapeutic strategies have been developed with high efficacy, such as deep sedation, early catheter ablation, neuraxial modulation and mechanical hemodynamic support. The aim of this review is to provide practical indications for the management of electrical storm in acute settings.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, poses a significant burden on global morbidity and healthcare expenditure. Although endocardial catheter ablation and surgical ablation are established therapeutic strategies, each exhibits inherent limitations in achieving comprehensive substrate modification. Hybrid ablation therapy, integrating both endocardial and epicardial approaches, aims to overcome these limitations by enabling the more extensive and transmural targeting of arrhythmogenic foci and the complex atrial substrate. This review synthesizes the electrophysiological basis and mechanistic rationale underpinning hybrid AF ablation, highlighting its potential for an enhanced efficacy compared to isolated techniques. Furthermore, it introduces the emerging paradigm of three-dimensional ablation within this evolving field.