Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), the family Rosaceae, is a small fruit that has great importance. It is triggered by a number of physiological, genetic, and biochemical processes. Phytohormones or plant growth regulators are organic substances produced naturally in many plants and responsible for controlling growth and other physiological functions. Therefore, plant growth regulators such as Gibberellin, NAA (auxin) and triacontanol, and chlormequat are essential factors that cause strawberry ripening, maturity indices, and determine the quality of fruits. Moreover, Gibberellin stimulates cell division and breaks dormancy whereas NAA (auxin) stimulates root growth. Similarly, triacontanol plays a special role in plant growth and development. Additionally, chlormequat is effective in controlling the height of the plant. The main objective of this review is to study the effect of various plant growth regulators that have a great potential effect on growth, development, and fruit yield.

As the adverse consequences of the industrial/modern agricultural framework, which encompasses high-input agrarian production and intensive cultivation, are increasing, an alternative is essential. Permaculture is a bunch of sustainable practices that incorporate an assortment of components and promote comprehensive and multi-polycultures including perennial plants, high degrees of biodiversity, crop-animal integration, whole watershed management, and self-sustaining on-site energy production, all of which straightforwardly affect the sustainable approach and promote ecological parameters. This case study attempts to better comprehend the local knowledge in terms of planning and fostering a permaculture system that considers their work, culture, and environmental concerns. In particular, this research focuses on the combined ideology, actual practices, and co-opting nature of three Nepalese permaculturists. The current study employs the notion of imaginaries to comprehend how permaculture may supplant the present agricultural system. Therefore, the study promotes and urges agricultural actioners to create profound and emotional associations with the planet, as well as their creativity and imagination, to impact good natural change.

The research was conducted following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to investigate the effects of seed priming using various chemical treatments on the germination and growth parameters of two rice cultivars, BRRI Dhan-66 and IR 80991-B-330-U-1. Ten different priming agents, including H₃BO₃, CaCO₃, CuSO₄, DAP, FeCl₂, MoP, PEG (5 %), PEG (10 %), Urea, and ZnSO₄, were applied to treat the seeds, each treatment being replicated three times. A control group underwent hydro-priming. The seeds were soaked in the treatments for 24 h. After the priming treatments, the seeds were subjected to a redrying process at a temperature of 26 ± 2 °C until they regained their original weight before being transplanted onto blotting paper. Germination parameters such as germination percentage, germination speed, germination energy, and vigor index were recorded for seven consecutive days. Growth parameters including root length, shoot length, fresh seedling weight, and dry seedling weight were measured at 10, 20, and 30 days after sowing. The results indicate significant variations among the treatments for germination parameters (p ≤ 0.001). Similarly, significant variations were observed in growth parameters, including shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight (p ≤ 0.001). Among the rice varieties, BRRI Dhan-66 exhibited better results for germination percentage (81.58 %), germination speed (62.78 %), germination energy (52.06 %), vigor index (1312), fresh weight (0.807g), and dry weight of seedlings (0.053g). In contrast, the FeCl₂ treatment showed the best results, inducing respective increases of 25.19 %, 93.35 %, 94.95 %, and 29.07 % for germination percentage, speed, energy, and vigor index compared to the control, respectively. For growth parameters, the DAP and CuSO₄ treatments demonstrated better results. Our findings highlight that improved germination of primed rice seedlings is associated with germination energy, speed, vigor index, and the fresh weight of the seedlings. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed there is significant positive correlation between germination percentage, speed, energy and vigor index but the strongest correlation exists between germination speed and germination energy (R = 0.94***) followed by germination percentage and vigor index (R = 0.92***). Based on our findings, we propose that seed priming significantly enhances rice seedlings' germination and growth parameters. BRRI Dhan-66, along with seed treatment using FeCl₂, can be effectively employed to achieve improved germination and growth in rice cultivation.