This study investigated the protective effects of exogenous ascorbic acid (AsA, 0.5 mmol·L⁻¹) treatment on salt-induced photosystem inhibition in tomato seedlings under salt stress (NaCl, 100 mmol·L⁻¹) conditions with and without the AsA inhibitor lycorine. Salt stress reduced the activities of photosystem II (PSII) and PSI. AsA treatment mitigated inhibition of the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m), maximal P700 changes (P_m), the effective quantum yields of PSII and I [Y(II) and Y(I)], and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) values under salt stress conditions both with and without lycorine. Moreover, AsA restored the balance of excitation energy between two photosystems (β/α-1) after disruption by salt stress, with or without lycorine. Treatment of the leaves of salt-stressed plants with AsA with or without lycorine increased the proportion of electron flux for photosynthetic carbon reduction [Je(PCR)] while decreasing the O₂-dependent alternative electron flux [Ja(O₂-dependent)]. AsA with or without lycorine further resulted in increases in the quantum yield of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI [Y(CEF)] while increasing the expression of antioxidant and AsA–GSH cycle-related genes and elevating the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Similarly, AsA treatment significantly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species [superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)] in these plants. Together, these data indicate that AsA can alleviate salt-stress-induced inhibition of PSII and PSI in tomato seedlings by restoring the excitation energy balance between the photosystems, regulating the dissipation of excess light energy by CEF and NPQ, increasing photosynthetic electron flux, and enhancing the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, thereby enabling plants to better tolerate salt stress.

Timely and accurate judgment of the nitrogen nutritional status of crops is the key to develop an optimal nitrogen application strategy. However, the evaluation criteria of nitrogen nutrition and nitrogen application strategies at each growth stage of wheat are not clear for the new type of drip-irrigated spring wheat system, TR6S (where one drip tube serves six rows of wheat, with a row spacing (RS) of 10 cm, inter-block space (IBS) of 25 cm and the lateral spacing (LS) of 80 cm, which achieved a lower drip-tube input and higher profit compared with the traditional planting system in Xinjiang). Therefore, we studied the recommendation mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer in different growth stages of wheat based on the critical SPAD values of leaves under TR6S. We set four nitrogen treatments (N1 (300 kg ha⁻¹), N2 (270 kg ha⁻¹), N3 (240 kg ha⁻¹) and N4 (0 kg ha⁻¹)) during two spring wheat growth seasons. The results revealed that the correlation coefficient (r²) between SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value and plant nitrogen content in the middle of first top leaf (L1-M) of wheat was higher than that in other leaf types and leaf positions under TR6S. A quadratic function relationship existed between a SPAD value of L1-M and grain yield. The critical SPAD values at the jointing, booting, anthesis, early milk, and late milk stages were 37.34, 39.40, 42.25, 45.57, and 35.91, respectively. In addition, through the establishment of the nitrogen application recommendation model for various wheat growth stages based on the critical SPAD value, the recommended optimal nitrogen application rates at jointing, booting, anthesis, early milk, and late milk stages were observed to be 69.4, 80.0, 90.8, 44.0, and 6.0 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. This recommended nitrogen application strategy exhibited a better parallel relationship with the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) of each growth period than the conventional nitrogen application strategy. Therefore, it was more in line with the actual absorption and utilization of nitrogen in wheat of TR6S. In conclusion, the SPAD values of L1-M could be relatively more accurate to evaluate the nitrogen nutrition status of wheat. Compared to traditional nitrogen application strategy, reducing and delaying nitrogen application, recommended based on the leaf SPAD model, was more suitable for nitrogen utilization under TR6S. The results can be applied in other arid and semiarid regions.