Cognitive failures at the information acquiring (safety training), comprehension, or application stages led to near-miss or accidents on-site. The previous studies rarely considered the cognitive processes of two different kinds of construction safety training. Cognitive processes are a series of chemical and electrical brain impulses that allow you to perceive your surroundings and acquire knowledge. Additionally, their attention was more inclined toward the worker’s behavior during hazard identification on-site while on duty. A study is proposed to fill the knowledge gap by developing the mechanism models of the two safety training approaches. The mechanism models were developed based on cognitive psychology and Bloom’s taxonomy and six steps of cognitive learning theory. A worker’s safety training is vital in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and utilizing the appropriate information for hazard identification on-site. It is assumed that those trained by advanced techniques may quickly identify and avoid hazards on construction sites because of the fundamental nature of the training, and when they come across threats, they may promptly use their working memory and prevent them, especially for more complex projects. The main benefit of making such a model, from a cognitive point of view, is that it can help us learn more about the mental processes of two different types of construction safety training, and it can also help us come up with specific management suggestions to make up for the approaches’ flaws. Future research will concentrate on the organizational aspects and other cognitive failures that could lead to accidents.

This study investigated the combined effects of calcium carbide waste (CCW) and lateritic soil (LS) on sustainable concrete’s fresh and mechanical properties as a construction material for infrastructure development. The study will explore the possibility of using easily accessible materials, such as lateritic soils and calcium carbide waste. Therefore, laterite soil was used to replace some portions of fine aggregate at 0% to 40% (interval of 10%) by weight, while CCW substituted the cement content at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. A response surface methodology/central composite design (RSM/CCD) tool was applied to design and develop statistical models for predicting and optimizing the properties of the sustainable concrete. The LS and CCW were input variables, and compressive strength and splitting tensile properties are response variables. The results indicated that the combined effects of CCW and LS improve workability by 18.2% compared to the control mixture. Regarding the mechanical properties, the synergic effects of CCW as a cementitious material and LS as a fine aggregate have improved the concrete’s compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The contribution of LS is more pronounced than that of CCW. The established models have successfully predicted the mechanical behavior and fresh properties of sustainable concrete utilizing LS and CCW as the independent variables with high accuracy. The optimized responses can be achieved with 15% CCW and 10% lateritic soil as a substitute for fine aggregate weight. These optimization outcomes produced the most robust possible results, with a desirability of 81.3%.

Safety training is essential in enhancing safe environments, attitudes, and employee safety behaviour. It has been recognized that the construction industry must tackle the inefficiencies of conventional safety training methods. Using innovative training practices for construction workers is one of the most effective ways to improve safety performance. There is a lack of a standard framework and of necessary information for building information modelling (BIM) process flow needed by designers and safety and health officers to aid construction workers’ safety and job hazard identification (JHI) at the design stage. This study aims to create a framework for BIM process flow to minimize the causes of fall-related accidents in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. This framework was developed based on an integrative review approach and other empirical findings. The connection of the different components makes up the framework. This research recommends practical enhancements, innovation, and adjustments to construction employees’ safety training and JHI. One of the suggested framework’s research advantages is that it evolved through expert validation and contains the necessary components to facilitate practical construction safety training and JHI. These components could serve as a starting point for developing guidelines for practical safety training and JHI.

This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. Despite the critical nature of these accidents, existing research demonstrates notable gaps, particularly in understanding long-term worker health impacts, economic consequences, and nuanced risk factors. Most studies insufficiently explore correlations between worker experience, age, and accident susceptibility, while gender-specific risks remain poorly documented. Training inadequacies and safety protocol non-adherence emerge as primary contributors to these incidents. This review identifies a pressing need for standardized, comprehensive safety interventions that address technological, human, and organizational factors. Recommendations include stricter safety regulations, enhanced training programs, advanced safety technologies, and robust support systems for workers. By fostering a holistic safety culture and addressing research gaps, the construction industry can potentially mitigate caught-in/between accidents, ultimately protecting worker well-being and improving overall productivity.

This study optimizes the durability performance of concrete by utilizing lateritic soil (LS) and calcium carbide waste (CCW) as partial replacements for fine aggregate and cement, respectively. A statistical method was employed to design the experiments and develop prediction models for key characteristics, including density, water absorption, and resistance to sulphuric acid attack (as measured by weight loss and compressive strength), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the effects of CCW (0–20%) and lateritic soil (0–40%) on the properties of concrete. According to the results, higher CCW and laterite replacement levels reduce the durability of concrete by increasing its porosity and water absorption. Significant correlations were found in the responses that were successfully predicted by RSM-generated quadratic models. The ideal combination of 13.13% CCW and 18.7% LS was identified through multi-objective optimization, which maximized acid resistance while minimizing weight loss (8.84%) and water absorption (4.17%), resulting in an overall desirability of 75.4%. The experimental validation of this result revealed that the discrepancy between the predicted and experimental results was less than 5%. This indicates the potential of CCW-LS concrete for affordable, environmentally friendly construction in areas with limited resources.