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Raja Chowdhury
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The microalgal strain Chlorella sorokiniana isolated from a waste stabilization pond was used for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater. Three light:dark (L:D) regimes of 12:12, 16:8, and 24:0 were used for treating wastewater in microalga (A), microalga + sludge (A + S), and sludge (S) reactors. The removal of nutrients (N and P) was found to be the highest in the microalga-based reactor, with more than 80% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and 1.2–5.6 log unit removal of pathogens. The addition of sludge improved chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Nitrifiers were found to be predominant in the A + S reactor. Algal biomass productivity was more than 280 mg/L/d in all the L:D regimes. The increase in light regime improved nutrient removal and biomass productivity in the algal reactor. Results of the kinetic study showed that (i) nitrifiers had more affinity for ammonium than microalga, and hence, most of the ammonia was oxidized to nitrate, (ii) microalga assimilated nitrate as the primary nitrogen source in the A + S reactor, and (iii) solubilization of particulate organic nitrogen originated from dead cells reduced the nitrogen removal efficiency. However, in the microalga-based reactor, the ammonium uptake was higher than nitrate uptake. Among pathogens, the removal of Salmonella and Shigella was better in the A + S reactor than in the other two reactors (microalga and sludge reactor). Additionally, the heterotrophic plate count was drastically reduced in the presence of microalga. No such drastic reduction was observed in the stand-alone sludge reactor. Kinetic modeling revealed that microalga–pathogen competition and pH-induced die-off were the two predominant factors for pathogen inactivation.

ACS Style

Swati Rani; Raja Chowdhury; Wendong Tao; Linda Nedbalova. Microalga-Mediated Tertiary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Removal of Nutrients and Pathogens. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9554 .

AMA Style

Swati Rani, Raja Chowdhury, Wendong Tao, Linda Nedbalova. Microalga-Mediated Tertiary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Removal of Nutrients and Pathogens. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Swati Rani; Raja Chowdhury; Wendong Tao; Linda Nedbalova. 2021. "Microalga-Mediated Tertiary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Removal of Nutrients and Pathogens." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9554.

Research article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Chemistry and Ecology
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Several algal species were found in the samples collected from a wastewater treatment plant located in Uttarakhand, India. Several media and their modifications were employed to understand the role of these elements and compounds in the species composition and proliferation. Euglena, Chlamydomonas-reinhardtii, Chlorella-sorokiniana, Chlorococcum, several diatoms and cyanobacteria were found in the wastewater samples. In stagnant and flowing municipal wastewater, Euglena, Chlorococcum, cyanobacteria and Volvox were predominant. In a bold basal medium, Scenedesmus and several diatom species were observed along with Chlorococcum. In the presence of acetate Selenastrum species were abundant. Metagenomic analysis of wastewater collected during winter revealed that Tetradesmus wisconsinensis (21.23%) and Actinastrum hantzchii (11.48%) were the dominant species. Some cyanobacterial species accumulated near the high-intensity light region. Hence, subsequent phototaxis experiments were performed. Under the white light, most species showed positive phototaxis. However, under the blue and red light, all the algal species present in the sample showed negative phototaxis. Under the green light, Chlorococcum and Chlamydomonas showed positive phototaxis and Euglena showed negative phototaxis. However, under the pink light, neither negative nor positive phototaxis was observed. Hence, the obtained results provided new insights into the effects of the studied parameters on the species’ diversity and proliferation.

ACS Style

Swati Dahiya; Aparajita Shilpie; Gowtham Balasundaram; Raja Chowdhury; Pradeep Kumar; Arun Kumar Mishra. Diversity of algal species present in waste stabilisation ponds and different factors affecting its enrichment and phototaxis. Chemistry and Ecology 2021, 37, 515 -529.

AMA Style

Swati Dahiya, Aparajita Shilpie, Gowtham Balasundaram, Raja Chowdhury, Pradeep Kumar, Arun Kumar Mishra. Diversity of algal species present in waste stabilisation ponds and different factors affecting its enrichment and phototaxis. Chemistry and Ecology. 2021; 37 (6):515-529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Swati Dahiya; Aparajita Shilpie; Gowtham Balasundaram; Raja Chowdhury; Pradeep Kumar; Arun Kumar Mishra. 2021. "Diversity of algal species present in waste stabilisation ponds and different factors affecting its enrichment and phototaxis." Chemistry and Ecology 37, no. 6: 515-529.

Preprint
Published: 21 January 2021
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Hydrolysate prepared from water hyacinth biomass, containing a considerable amount of solubilised carbohydrate and nutrients, was utilised as a medium for the cultivation of two strains of Chlorella sorokiniana. These strains were isolated from an oxidation pond using two different media, i.e., BG-11 and Knop's media maintained at pH-9. Different light intensities, light-dark cycles, and various concentrations of external carbon sources (monosaccharides and inorganic carbon) were used to optimise the microalgal growth. It was observed that in the presence of organic carbon (glucose), biomass productivity increased significantly (~300 mgL-1day-1) as compared to that in the presence of only inorganic carbon (~100 mgL-1day-1). For the accumulation of stress products (lipids and carbohydrates), the microalgal strains were transferred to nutrient-amended media (N-amended and P-amended). The combined effects of glucose, inorganic carbon, and a 12h:12h light-dark cycle proved to be optimum for biomass productivity. For Chlorella sp. isolated from BG-11, maximum carbohydrate content (22%) was found in the P-amended medium, whereas high lipid content (17.3%) was estimated in the N-amended medium. However, for Chlorella sp. isolated from Knop's medium, both the lipid (17%) and carbohydrate accumulation (12.3%) were found maximum in the N- amended medium. Kinetic modelling of the lipid profile revealed that kinetic coefficients obtained for strain isolated from BG-11 media were statistically significant from each other.

ACS Style

Swati Dahiya; Raja Chowdhury; Wendong Tao; Pradeep Kumar. Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Two Algal Strains of Chlorella Sorokiniana Grown in Hydrolysate of Water Hyacinth. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Swati Dahiya, Raja Chowdhury, Wendong Tao, Pradeep Kumar. Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Two Algal Strains of Chlorella Sorokiniana Grown in Hydrolysate of Water Hyacinth. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Swati Dahiya; Raja Chowdhury; Wendong Tao; Pradeep Kumar. 2021. "Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Two Algal Strains of Chlorella Sorokiniana Grown in Hydrolysate of Water Hyacinth." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2019 in Bioresource Technology Reports
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In order to gain insight into biodiesel production, suitability of an alkaliphilic green algae (Chlorellla vulgaris) was evaluated experimentally and by conducting an energy analysis. Biomass productivity was 28–31 mg-L−1- d−1 and lipid production reached the maximum of 38% of the algal biomass. At a low light intensity (60–90 μmol/m2/s), the specific growth rate showed a cyclic behavior. At a higher light intensity (240–280 μmol/m2/s), the growth rate was almost constant and more biomass was produced as compared to the low light intensity. Lipid analyses after transesterification showed that the major fractions of fatty acids were C16:0, C 18:1 and C18:2. A minute amount of trans isomer (which is very rare in the eukaryotic cells) was also detected during initial lipid accumulation phase. From the energy analysis, it was found that biodiesel production using this strain algae could be energy efficient, if biomass drying was facilitated by waste heat.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Patricia L. Keen; Wendong Tao. Fatty acid profile and energy efficiency of biodiesel production from an alkaliphilic algae grown in the photobioreactor. Bioresource Technology Reports 2019, 6, 229 -236.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Patricia L. Keen, Wendong Tao. Fatty acid profile and energy efficiency of biodiesel production from an alkaliphilic algae grown in the photobioreactor. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2019; 6 ():229-236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Patricia L. Keen; Wendong Tao. 2019. "Fatty acid profile and energy efficiency of biodiesel production from an alkaliphilic algae grown in the photobioreactor." Bioresource Technology Reports 6, no. : 229-236.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2018 in Bioresource Technology Reports
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This study simulated the effect of time on bioenergy production from dairy manure and associated variation in energy demand and GHG emission in Ohio and Hawaii. Increasing the residence-time (RT) decreases the bioenergy-production in a nonlinear-fashion, for both the states (Ohio and Hawaii). Using the main scenario in Hawaii, the highest bioenergy production for 30 days RT was 11.2 × 104 GJ. Life-cycle-assessment of produced bioenergy showed that energy requirement and GHG emission of the produced-bioenergy (GJ) varied from 0.65 to 0.67 and 28–35 kg CO2/GJ bioenergy respectively. Year-round bioenergy production through main scenario was more advantageous with respect to bioenergy production and GHG emission. Decreasing nitrogen concentration for algal biomass production increased the bioenergy production significantly with a reduced energy demand and marginally increased GHG emission. Hence, the LCA model predicted that running a biorefinery for short residence time, and using diluted waste, could provide bioenergy with reduced energy requirement and GHG-emission.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Marzia Traverso; Patricia L. Keen. Effects of residence time on life cycle assessment of bioenergy production from dairy manure. Bioresource Technology Reports 2018, 4, 57 -65.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Jhuma Sadhukhan, Marzia Traverso, Patricia L. Keen. Effects of residence time on life cycle assessment of bioenergy production from dairy manure. Bioresource Technology Reports. 2018; 4 ():57-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Marzia Traverso; Patricia L. Keen. 2018. "Effects of residence time on life cycle assessment of bioenergy production from dairy manure." Bioresource Technology Reports 4, no. : 57-65.

Articles
Published: 22 May 2017 in Chemistry and Ecology
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This review has been undertaken to understand the role of various parameters such as redox potential, microbes, and organic matters on the fate and transport of arsenic in the constructed wetland. A conceptual diagram of arsenic fate and transport in the constructed wetland was developed. Role of various minerals which are produced due to microbial activities are described. The role of these minerals on arsenic adsorption is discussed. It was envisaged that iron sulphide would be the main adsorbent for arsenic in microbe-mediated adsorption process. Beside microbe-mediated arsenic adsorption, roles of various microbes, such as sulphate reducers and methane producers, on arsenic transformation are discussed. Role of various organic carbon sources and electron acceptors on the proliferation of the above mentioned microbes with respect to arsenic transformation was envisaged. Role of dissolved organic matters on arsenic transformation and transport was also discussed in details. To strengthen the review, laboratory studies and modelling of arsenic adsorption and transformation using the Visual Minteq were appended.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury. Using adsorption and sulphide precipitation as the principal removal mechanisms of arsenic from a constructed wetland – a critical review. Chemistry and Ecology 2017, 33, 560 -571.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury. Using adsorption and sulphide precipitation as the principal removal mechanisms of arsenic from a constructed wetland – a critical review. Chemistry and Ecology. 2017; 33 (6):560-571.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury. 2017. "Using adsorption and sulphide precipitation as the principal removal mechanisms of arsenic from a constructed wetland – a critical review." Chemistry and Ecology 33, no. 6: 560-571.

Book chapter
Published: 16 March 2017 in Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources
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ACS Style

Varun Sanwal; Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Vineet Kumar Rathore; Lokendra Thakur; Prasenjit Mondal; Ajay Dalai. Optimization of Life Cycle Net Energy of Algal Biofuel Production. Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2017, 581 -593.

AMA Style

Varun Sanwal, Raja Chowdhury, Jhuma Sadhukhan, Vineet Kumar Rathore, Lokendra Thakur, Prasenjit Mondal, Ajay Dalai. Optimization of Life Cycle Net Energy of Algal Biofuel Production. Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources. 2017; ():581-593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Varun Sanwal; Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Vineet Kumar Rathore; Lokendra Thakur; Prasenjit Mondal; Ajay Dalai. 2017. "Optimization of Life Cycle Net Energy of Algal Biofuel Production." Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources , no. : 581-593.

Book chapter
Published: 16 March 2017 in Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources
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ACS Style

Philip E. Boahene; Ajay K. Dalai; Varun Sanwal; Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Prasenjit Mondal. Sustainable Production and Utilization Technologies of Biojet Fuels. Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources 2017, 595 -606.

AMA Style

Philip E. Boahene, Ajay K. Dalai, Varun Sanwal, Raja Chowdhury, Jhuma Sadhukhan, Prasenjit Mondal. Sustainable Production and Utilization Technologies of Biojet Fuels. Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources. 2017; ():595-606.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philip E. Boahene; Ajay K. Dalai; Varun Sanwal; Raja Chowdhury; Jhuma Sadhukhan; Prasenjit Mondal. 2017. "Sustainable Production and Utilization Technologies of Biojet Fuels." Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources , no. : 595-606.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2016 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Matthew Franchetti. Life cycle energy demand from algal biofuel generated from nutrients present in the dairy waste. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2016, 9, 22 -27.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Matthew Franchetti. Life cycle energy demand from algal biofuel generated from nutrients present in the dairy waste. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2016; 9 ():22-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Matthew Franchetti. 2016. "Life cycle energy demand from algal biofuel generated from nutrients present in the dairy waste." Sustainable Production and Consumption 9, no. : 22-27.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Fausto Freire. Bioenergy production from algae using dairy manure as a nutrient source: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission analysis. Applied Energy 2015, 154, 1112 -1121.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Fausto Freire. Bioenergy production from algae using dairy manure as a nutrient source: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission analysis. Applied Energy. 2015; 154 ():1112-1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Fausto Freire. 2015. "Bioenergy production from algae using dairy manure as a nutrient source: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission analysis." Applied Energy 154, no. : 1112-1121.

Original articles
Published: 21 May 2014 in Chemistry and Ecology
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The sorption behaviour of alpha- and beta-endosulfan in soil organic matter was investigated using standard soil humic acid (HA) and soil fulvic acid (FA) with a modified solubility enhancement method and a dialysis bag technique. For HA, all the experiments were conducted at an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L, in both the presence and absence of calcium and at an ionic strength of 0.01 mol/L. For FA, the experiments were conducted at two ionic strengths: 0.001 mol/L (with calcium) and 0.01 mol/L. This study is the first to describe the striking differences in the sorption behaviours of the two stereoisomers of endosulfan in HA and in FA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA and FA were significantly higher than those of beta-endosulfan. Beta-endosulfan has comparable sorption coefficients (1.5–5.4 L/g) in HA and in FA. Ionic strength and the presence of calcium have no significant effect on the sorption of beta-endosulfan in HA. However, calcium can significantly (p=0.01) enhance the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. Changes in ionic strength by one order of magnitude also affect the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA (10–36 L/g) were greater than those in FA (9–14 L/g). The chirality of the alpha-isomer was hypothesised to be the primary reason behind its higher sorption in soil organic matter relative to the beta-isomer. In the presence of dissolved HA and FA found in natural soil environments, solubility of endosulfan can be increased by five times than the aqueous solubility of endosulfan without HA and FA.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W. Atwater; Ken J. Hall. The role of soil humic and fulvic acid in the sorption of endosulfan (alpha and beta). Chemistry and Ecology 2014, 30, 755 -764.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, James W. Atwater, Ken J. Hall. The role of soil humic and fulvic acid in the sorption of endosulfan (alpha and beta). Chemistry and Ecology. 2014; 30 (8):755-764.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W. Atwater; Ken J. Hall. 2014. "The role of soil humic and fulvic acid in the sorption of endosulfan (alpha and beta)." Chemistry and Ecology 30, no. 8: 755-764.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2011 in Bioresource Technology
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The life cycle impacts were assessed for an integrated microalgal biodiesel production system that facilitates energy- and nutrient- recovery through anaerobic digestion, and utilizes glycerol generated within the facility for additional heterotrophic biodiesel production. Results show that when external fossil energy inputs are lowered through process integration, the energy demand, global warming potential (GWP), and process water demand decrease significantly and become less sensitive to algal lipid content. When substitution allocation is used to assign additional credit for avoidance of fossil energy use (through utilization of recycled nutrients and biogas), GWP and water demand can, in fact, increase with increase in lipid content. Relative to stand-alone algal biofuel facilities, energy demand can be lowered by 3–14 GJ per ton of biodiesel through process integration. GWP of biodiesel from the integrated system can be lowered by up to 71% compared to petroleum fuel. Evaporative water loss was the primary water demand driver.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Sridhar Viamajala; Robin Gerlach. Reduction of environmental and energy footprint of microalgal biodiesel production through material and energy integration. Bioresource Technology 2011, 108, 102 -111.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Sridhar Viamajala, Robin Gerlach. Reduction of environmental and energy footprint of microalgal biodiesel production through material and energy integration. Bioresource Technology. 2011; 108 ():102-111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Sridhar Viamajala; Robin Gerlach. 2011. "Reduction of environmental and energy footprint of microalgal biodiesel production through material and energy integration." Bioresource Technology 108, no. : 102-111.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2011 in Environmental Technology
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ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W Atwater; Ken J Hall; Paula Parkinson. Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter. Environmental Technology 2011, 33, 1 .

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, James W Atwater, Ken J Hall, Paula Parkinson. Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter. Environmental Technology. 2011; 33 (15):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W Atwater; Ken J Hall; Paula Parkinson. 2011. "Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter." Environmental Technology 33, no. 15: 1.

Original articles
Published: 27 July 2011 in Environmental Technology
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Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter was investigated using Standard Elliot soil humic acid (HA) and soil fulvic acid (FA) at two ionic strengths (0.001 and 0.01). It was observed that divalent calcium ion and ionic strength affect the sorption of endosulphan sulphate in HA. All the experiments were carried out at pH 6.7±0.1. In the presence and absence of calcium (ionic strength 0.001), the solubility enhancement method was used to estimate the sorption coefficients of endosulphan sulphate in HA. For FA, the solubility enhancement method was used to estimate the sorption coefficients at an ionic strength of 0.001 (in the presence of calcium) and 0.01. The presence of calcium was found to significantly enhance (α=0.01) the solubility of endosulphan sulphate in HA. Sorption coefficients at pH 6.7, obtained using the solubility enhancement method, were found to be 10–21 L/g in HA and 6 L/g in FA (in the presence of calcium). Increase in ionic strength from 0.001 to 0.01 decreased the sorption of endosulphan sulphate in HA. The effect of ionic strength and calcium on the sorption of endosulphan sulphate was most satisfactorily explained on the basis of the Donnan volume.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W. Atwater; Ken J. Hall; Paula Parkinson. Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter. Environmental Technology 2011, 32, 1875 -1881.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, James W. Atwater, Ken J. Hall, Paula Parkinson. Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter. Environmental Technology. 2011; 32 (16):1875-1881.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; James W. Atwater; Ken J. Hall; Paula Parkinson. 2011. "Sorption of endosulphan sulphate in soil organic matter." Environmental Technology 32, no. 16: 1875-1881.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2010 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Industrial byproducts such as coal fly ash, coal bottom ash, and recycled concrete pavement (RCP) are being used in considerable amounts as a full or partial replacement of natural aggregates. Studies comparing road construction byproduct materials with natural aggregates are limited. In the present study, a comparison of these byproducts with natural aggregates was carried out with respect to cost, environmental pollutants generated, and energy consumption. Pollutant emission data were aggregated to express results in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential and various toxicity potentials. For assessment of toxicity potentials, all the toxicities were represented with respect to 1,4 dichlorobenzene. Mixed results were found from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and no single material performed superiorly in all categories. Fly ash and bottom ash were found attractive in cost, GWP, and acidification potential categories. RCP had higher GWP and acidification potential compared to natural aggregates. In toxicity categories, in some cases fly ash and bottom ash had higher; and RCP, in all cases, had much lower toxicity compared to natural aggregates.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Defne Apul; Tim Fry. A life cycle based environmental impacts assessment of construction materials used in road construction. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2010, 54, 250 -255.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Defne Apul, Tim Fry. A life cycle based environmental impacts assessment of construction materials used in road construction. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2010; 54 (4):250-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Defne Apul; Tim Fry. 2010. "A life cycle based environmental impacts assessment of construction materials used in road construction." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54, no. 4: 250-255.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2004 in Journal of Environmental Engineering
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Performance data of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors treating different types of wastewater have been analyzed. A completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model with bypass flow was considered for evaluation of the behavior of sludge bed as well as the whole reactor. It demonstrated that the sludge bed in a UASB reactor behaves as a completely stirred tank reactor with bypass flow. The reactor performance has been shown to depend on the short-circuiting flow through the sludge bed. However, the short-circuiting flow depends on design and operational conditions of the reactor. To find out the relationships of various parameters with short-circuiting flow through the sludge bed, dimensional analysis was carried out. Principal component analysis was carried out by taking short-circuiting flow, concentration of the influent, superficial gas velocity, height of the sludge bed, concentration of the biomass in the sludge bed, and flow rate of the influent into consideration. Analysis reveals the relative importance of the parameters on the short-circuiting flow.

ACS Style

Raja Chowdhury; Indu Mehrotra. Minimization of Short-Circuiting Flow through Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2004, 130, 951 -959.

AMA Style

Raja Chowdhury, Indu Mehrotra. Minimization of Short-Circuiting Flow through Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2004; 130 (9):951-959.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raja Chowdhury; Indu Mehrotra. 2004. "Minimization of Short-Circuiting Flow through Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor." Journal of Environmental Engineering 130, no. 9: 951-959.