Dietary polyphenol intake is associated with improvement of metabolic disturbances. The aims of the present study are to describe dietary polyphenol intake in a population with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to examine the association between polyphenol intake and the components of MetS. This cross-sectional analysis involved 6633 men and women included in the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterranea-Plus) study. The polyphenol content of foods was estimated from the Phenol-Explorer 3.6 database. The mean of total polyphenol intake was 846 ± 318 mg/day. Except for stilbenes, women had higher polyphenol intake than men. Total polyphenol intake was higher in older participants (>70 years of age) compared to their younger counterparts. Participants with body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m² reported lower total polyphenol, flavonoid, and stilbene intake than those with lower BMI. Total polyphenol intake was not associated with a better profile concerning MetS components, except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), although stilbenes, lignans, and other polyphenols showed an inverse association with blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides. A direct association with HDL-c was found for all subclasses except lignans and phenolic acids. To conclude, in participants with MetS, higher intake of several polyphenol subclasses was associated with a better profile of MetS components, especially HDL-c.

Background: Sarcopenia is a progressive age‐related skeletal muscle disorder associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Muscle wasting is often accompanied by an increase in body fat, leading to ‘sarcopenic obesity’. The aim of the present study was to analyse the association of lifestyle variables such as diet, dietary components, physical activity (PA), body composition, and inflammatory markers, with the risk of sarcopenic obesity.Methods: A cross‐sectional analysis based on baseline data from the PREDIMED‐Plus study was performed. A total of 1535 participants (48% women) with overweight/obesity (body mass index: 32.5 ± 3.3 kg/m²; age: 65.2 ± 4.9 years old) and metabolic syndrome were categorized according to sex‐specific tertiles (T) of the sarcopenic index (SI) as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scanning. Anthropometrical measurements, biochemical markers, dietary intake, and PA information were collected. Linear regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association between variables.Results: Subjects in the first SI tertile were older, less physically active, showed higher frequency of abdominal obesity and diabetes, and consumed higher saturated fat and less vitamin C than subjects from the other two tertiles (all P < 0.05). Multiple adjusted linear regression models evidenced significant positive associations across tertiles of SI with adherence to the Mediterranean dietary score (P‐trend < 0.05), PA (P‐trend < 0.0001), and the 30 s chair stand test (P‐trend < 0.0001), whereas significant negative associations were found with an inadequate vitamin C consumption (P‐trend < 0.05), visceral fat and leucocyte count (all P‐trend < 0.0001), and some white cell subtypes (neutrophils and monocytes), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and platelet count (all P‐trend < 0.05). When models were additionally adjusted by potential mediators (inflammatory markers, diabetes, and waist circumference), no relevant changes were observed, only dietary variables lost significance.Conclusions: Diet and PA are important regulatory mediators of systemic inflammation, which is directly involved in the sarcopenic process. A healthy dietary pattern combined with exercise is a promising strategy to limit age‐related sarcopenia.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver alterations that can result in severe disease and even death. Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been associated with obesity and related comorbidities. However, the link between UPF and NAFLD has not been sufficiently assessed. We aimed to investigate the prospective association between UPF consumption and liver health biomarkers. Methods: We followed for 1 year 5867 older participants with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) from the PREDIMED-Plus trial. A validated 143-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate consumption of UPF at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The degree of processing for foods and beverages (g/day) was established according to the NOVA classification system. The non-invasive fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI) were used to evaluate liver health at three points in time. The associations between changes in UPF consumption (percentage of total daily dietary intake (g)) and liver biomarkers were assessed using mixed-effects linear models with repeated measurements. Results: In this cohort, UPF consumption at baseline was 8.19% (SD 6.95%) of total daily dietary intake in grams. In multivariable models, each 10% daily increment in UPF consumption in 1 year was associated with significantly greater FLI (β 1.60 points, 95% CI 1.24;1.96 points) and HSI (0.43, 0.29; 0.57) scores (all p-values < 0.001). These associations persisted statistically significant after adjusting for potential dietary confounders and NAFLD risk factors. Conclusions: A higher UPF consumption was associated with higher levels of NAFLD-related biomarkers in older adults with overweight/obesity and MetS.

An increasing number of studies in recent years investigate various dietary and lifestyle patterns and associated breast cancer (BC) risk. This study aimed to comprehensively synthesize and grade the evidence on dietary and lifestyle patterns and BC risk. Databases were systematically searched up to 31 March, 2022, for evidence from randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies on adherence to a dietary pattern alone or in combination with lifestyle behaviors and incidence of or mortality from primary BC in adult females. Findings in all, premenopausal, and postmenopausal females were descriptively synthesized instead of meta-analyzed due to patterns heterogeneity. An independent Global Cancer Update Programme Expert Panel graded the strength of the evidence. A total of 84 publications were included. Results for patterns reflecting both a healthy diet and lifestyle were more consistent than for patterns that included diet only. There was strong-probable evidence that a priori World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and American Cancer Society (ACS) dietary and lifestyle scores may reduce BC risk in all and postmenopausal females, whereas in premenopausal females, less evidence was found contributing to limited-suggestive grade. There was also a limited-suggestive evidence that adherence to the Healthy Lifestyle Index and other diet and lifestyle scores may reduce BC risk in postmenopausal females; a posteriori Western/Meat/Alcohol dietary patterns may increase BC risk in postmenopausal females; and Prudent/Vegetarian/Mediterranean dietary patterns may reduce BC risk in all females. For the remaining patterns, evidence was graded as limited-no conclusions. Advice to adopt combined aspects of a healthy diet and lifestyle according to WCRF/AICR and ACS scores, encouraging a healthy weight, physical activity, alcohol and smoking avoidance, and a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, (whole)grains and cereals and discouraging red and processed meat, can be proposed to females to lower BC risk. This review was registered at PROSPERO as ID CRD42021270129 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021270129) on 28 August, 2021, and further updated on 4 May, 2022, in order to extend the search period.