Although toxoplasmosis has been considered among the most neglected zoonoses worldwide, no study has focused on the frequency and associated risk factors of owners and their dogs living on an island and mainland seashore areas. Accordingly, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were screened by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in owners and dogs from three oceanic islands and two nearby mainland harbor areas, with associated risk factors for toxoplasmosis assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, anti-T. gondii seropositivity was observed in 59/328 (18.0%) owners and 66/283 (23.3%) dogs, with no statistical difference between owners (p = 0.360) and dogs (p = 0.655) from islands and mainland areas. Consumption of local water springs (p = 0.016; OR = 2.11) was an associated risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity, and owners with the habit of spring water intake were twice more likely seropositive (p = 0.014; OR = 2.14). Presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in dogs was associated with seropositive owners (p = 0.008; OR = 2.81), household consumption of beef meat (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7) and chicken (p = 0.026; OR = 2.9). Despite being lower than the worldwide prevalence, toxoplasmosis seropositivity in owners and their dogs in southern Brazil was influenced by the positive owner, water source, and meat consumption, and not by inhabiting islands or seashore mainland areas, presence of dogs, cats, or both. In addition, drinking water quality should always be considered a critical risk factor for toxoplasmosis on islands.

Background and Objectives: Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, including but not limited to Aedes aegypti , are major vectors of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika and other related diseases. Their global expansion is driven by climate change, globalisation, urbanisation and human mobility. Understanding how these factors shape their reproduction, survival and persistence is crucial for strengthening integrated vector control within a One Health framework. This review synthesises current evidence on these determinants to support more sustainable control strategies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO through June 2025. Search strategies combined terms related to Aedes spp., environmental, climatic, socio‐ecological determinants and One Health. Eligible studies examined factors influencing reproduction, survival or persistence of any Aedes species under natural or semi‐natural conditions. Case reports, clinically focused studies and laboratory experiments lacking ecological realism were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened records and extracted data. Findings were synthesised descriptively. Results: From 1007 records screened, 98 were included. Most were conducted in Brazil (18.4%), China (12.2%) and Argentina (11.2%). Ecological–epidemiological studies (30.6%) and environmentally oriented laboratory simulations (24.5%) were predominant. The evidence highlighted: (i) microenvironmental factors—such as water quality, nutrient availability, pollutants, and artificial light—affecting larval development and vector competence; (ii) climatic variables, especially temperature, rainfall, and humidity, as major drivers of mosquito abundance and transmission potential; (iii) urbanisation, inadequate housing, socioeconomic vulnerability, and irregular water supply as key amplifiers of infestation; and (iv) widespread insecticide resistance and the limited impact of conventional larvicides as major barriers to control. Conclusions: Environmental, climatic and socio‐ecological determinants critically shape Aedes persistence and arbovirus transmission. Integrating these determinants into surveillance and vector control programs through a One Health approach enables earlier detection, more targeted interventions and the development of sustainable strategies to reduce the global burden of arboviral diseases.