Faced with severe global shortage of water and soil resources, studies on the integrated effect of water and nitrogen on tomato cultivation are urgently needed for sustainable agriculture. Two successive greenhouse experiments with three irrigation regimes (1, 2/3, 1/3 full irrigation) and four nitrogen levels (1, 2/3, 1/3, 0 nitrogen) were conducted; plant growth, fruit yield and quality were surveyed; and comprehensive quality and net profit were evaluated. The results show that water and nitrogen deficit decreased plant growth, evapotranspiration and yield while increasing production efficiency and fruit comprehensive quality. An antagonism effect from water and nitrogen application was found in tomato yield, organic acid, solids acid ratio, vitamin C and lycopene, whereas synergistic impact was observed in total soluble solids content. Water deficit had more significant effect on tomato yield and fruit quality parameters compared with that of nitrogen deficiency. Synthesizing the perspectives of yield, quality, resource productivity, market price index and profits, 1/3 full irrigation and 2/3 full nitrogen was the best strategy and could be recommended to farmers as an effective guidance for tomato production.

In this paper, a new method for predicting wave overtopping discharges of Accropode armored breakwaters using the non-hydrostatic wave model Simulating WAves till SHore (SWASH) is presented. The apparent friction coefficient concept is proposed to allow the bottom shear stress term calculated in the momentum equation to reasonably represent the effect of comprehensive energy dissipation caused by the roughness and seepage during the wave overtopping process. A large number of wave overtopping cases are simulated with a calibrated SWASH model to determine the values of equivalent roughness coefficients so that the apparent friction coefficients can be estimated to achieve the conditions with good agreement between numerical overtopping discharges and those from the EurOtop neural network model. The relative crest freeboard and the wave steepness are found to be the two main factors affecting the equivalent roughness coefficient. A derived empirical formula for the estimation of an equivalent roughness coefficient is presented. The simulated overtopping discharges by the SWASH model using the values of the equivalent roughness coefficient estimated from the empirical formula are compared with the physical model test results. It is found that the mean error rate from the present model predictions is 0.24, which is slightly better than the mean error rate of 0.26 from the EurOtop neural network model.

Background: Rhamnus utilis Decne (Rhamnaceae) is an ecologically and economically important tree species. The growing market demands and recent anthropogenic impacts to R. utilis forests has negatively impacted its populations severely. However, little is known about the potential distribution of this species and environmental factors that affect habitat suitability for this species. By using 219 occurrence records along with 51 environmental factors, present and future suitable habitats were estimated for R. utilis using Maxent modeling; the important environmental factors affecting its distribution were analyzed. Results: January water vapor pressure, normalized difference vegetation index, mean diurnal range, and precipitation of the warmest quarter represented the critical factors explaining the environmental requirements of R. utilis. The potential habitat of R. utilis included most provinces from central to southeast China. Under the climate change scenario SSP 245, Maxent predicted a cumulative loss of ca. 0.73 × 10⁵ km² in suitable habitat for R. utilis during 2041–2060 while an increase of ca. 0.65 × 10⁵ km² occurred during 2081–2100. Furthermore, under this climate change scenario, the suitable habitat will geographically expand to higher elevations. Conclusions: The findings of our study provide a foundation for targeted conservation efforts and inform future research on R. utilis. By considering the identified environmental factors and anticipating the potential impacts of climate change, conservation strategies can be developed to preserve and restore suitable habitats for R. utilis. Protecting this species is not only crucial for maintaining biodiversity but also for sustaining the economic benefits associated with its ecological services.

Anthropogenic climate change has hastened habitat loss and fragmentation for wild animals and vegetation. However, the absence of sufficient and trustworthy information on their geographical distribution has impeded effective conservation management strategies. Ligustrum leucanthum is a drought-resistant tree species that can thrive in heavy metal-contaminated soil. Nevertheless, the significant environmental factors that shape its distribution and the changes in its geographical ranges under future climate change scenarios remain unknown. We utilized 84 occurrence records of L. leucanthum along with 51 different environmental factors and employed MaxEnt modeling to predict the current and future suitable habitats for this species. We also analyzed the significant environmental variables that play a role in determining its geographical distribution. We found that water vapor pressure of January (34.3%), the normalized difference vegetation index (27.5%), solar radiation of April (14.8%), and temperature seasonality (4.8%) were the main variables factors limiting the potential geographical distribution of L. leucanthum. Our model predicted 8.64 × 10⁵ km² of suitable habitat for L. leucanthum based on 25th percentile thresholds. However, the highly suitable habitat for L. leucanthum is only about 0.55 × 10⁵ km². Under future climate change scenario, MaxEnt predicts an increase in suitable habitat. Nevertheless, there are still some areas that are at low elevations or are too dry or hot and are predicted to disappear. Our results will aid in the identification of additional locations and possible habitats of L. leucanthum, as well as the creation and application of conservation, management, and cultivation methods for this species.