Tuberculosis is a major global threat to human health. Since the widely used BCG vaccine is poorly effective in adults, there is a demand for the development of a new type of boost tuberculosis vaccine. We designed a novel intranasal tuberculosis vaccine candidate, TB/FLU-04L, which is based on an attenuated influenza A virus vector encoding two mycobacterium antigens, Ag85A and ESAT-6. As tuberculosis is an airborne disease, the ability to induce mucosal immunity is one of the potential advantages of influenza vectors. Sequences of ESAT-6 and Ag85A antigens were inserted into the NS1 open reading frame of the influenza A virus to replace the deleted carboxyl part of the NS1 protein. The vector expressing chimeric NS1 protein appeared to be genetically stable and replication-deficient in mice and non-human primates. Intranasal immunization of C57BL/6 mice or cynomolgus macaques with the TB/FLU-04L vaccine candidate induced Mtb-specific Th1 immune response. Single TB/FLU-04L immunization in mice showed commensurate levels of protection in comparison to BCG and significantly increased the protective effect of BCG when applied in a “prime-boost” scheme. Our findings show that intranasal immunization with the TB/FLU-04L vaccine, which carries two mycobacterium antigens, is safe, and induces a protective immune response against virulent M. tuberculosis.

The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to significant interest in its potential transmission between animals and humans, especially pets. This review article summarises the literature on coronavirus infections in domestic animals, emphasising epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and public health implications. This article highlights current understandings of the relationship between infections in companion animals and humans, identifies research gaps, and suggests directions for future research. Cases of disease in cats, dogs, and other domestic animals, often occurring through close contact with infected owners, are reviewed, raising concerns about possible zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission. Precautions and recommendations for pet owners and healthcare workers are also discussed. The scientific evidence presented in the article highlights the need for a One Health approach that considers the health of people, animals, and the environment to combat future pandemics.

This study presents the results of a survey of the safety and protective efficacy of a candidate vector-based vaccine for bovine tuberculosis, using an influenza vector with the NS1 mutation and expressing M. bovis protective antigens ESAT-6 and TB10.4. We vaccinated Balb/c outbred mice two times at 21 days apart. Our experimental design includes mice immunised with the candidate vaccine with or without adjuvant 15% Montanide Gel. The candidate vaccine’s safety was determined by biometric analysis, and protective efficacy was assessed by bacteriological and histological experiments following a virulent M. bovis-8 strain challenge. Our data indicated that the adjuvant-free version of the vaccine ensured complete protection from the M. bovis-8 infection in mice.

Creating an effective and safe vaccine is critical to fighting the coronavirus infection successfully. Several types of COVID-19 vaccines exist, including inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, synthetic peptide, virus-like particle-based, DNA and mRNA-based, and sub-unit vaccines containing purified immunogenic viral proteins. However, the scale and speed at which COVID-19 is spreading demonstrate a global public demand for an effective prophylaxis that must be supplied more. The developed products promise a bright future for SARS-CoV-2 prevention; however, evidence of safety and immunogenicity is mandatory before any vaccine can be produced. In this paper, we report on the results of our work examining the safety, toxicity, immunizing dose choice, and immunogenicity of QazCoVac-P, a Kazakhstan-made sub-unit vaccine for COVID-19. First, we looked into the product’s safety profile by assessing its pyrogenicity in vaccinated rabbit models and using the LAL (limulus amebocyte lysate) test. We examined the vaccine’s acute and sub-chronic toxicity on BALB/c mice and rats. The vaccine did not cause clinically significant toxicity-related changes or symptoms in our toxicity experiments. Finally, we performed a double immunization of mice, ferrets, Syrian hamsters, and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We used ELISA to measure antibody titers with the maximum mean geometric titer of antibodies in the animals’ blood sera totaling approximately 8 log2. The results of this and other studies warrant recommending the QazCoVac-P vaccine for clinical trials.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current global epizootic situation regarding Newcastle disease and the main risks it poses to the Republic of Kazakhstan. It also examines the geographical distribution of Newcastle disease outbreaks, the vaccine strains used, the measures of epidemiological control, and the effectiveness of veterinary prevention systems.The study utilized scientific publications, official data, articles, and reports on epizootics registered in Kazakhstan and abroad from 2010 to 2024. To assess the epizootic situation, serological, molecular-biological, virological, and phylogenetic methods were applied.As a result, it was established that several genotypes of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)—namely VII.2, VIg, VIIb, and VIId—are simultaneously circulating within the territory of Kazakhstan. This genetic diversity complicates the development of effective vaccination strategies and necessitates the continuous revision of vaccine strains used.The spread of the disease is most frequently recorded in private household farms and small-scale farming structures, where the level of epizootic surveillance and vaccination remains insufficient. According to epizootic monitoring data, the southern regions of the country—Turkistan Region, the city of Shymkent, and Kyzylorda Region—are the most active outbreak areas.Furthermore, the migration of wild birds increases the risk of virus introduction into the northern and western regions of Kazakhstan. In this regard, there is a pressing need to develop comprehensive preventive measures that take into account regional epizootic features, to conduct regular serological and genotypic monitoring, and to strengthen the veterinary control system. Newcastle disease remains a significant epizootic threat for Kazakhstan.

The article presents the results of serodiagnosis of 3605 blood sera of horses from the southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2024. The epizootic state of equine trypanosomosis in the southern region was studied using the complement fixation test proposed by the international epizootic organisation and the equine complement fixation test proposed by Kazakhstan scientists. Clinical studies were conducted on 83,053 horses from 731 epizootological unities of Almaty, Zhetysu, Zhambyl, Turkestan and Kyzylorda regions, with 66 samples (24.5%) being sensitive to the equine complement fixation test than the complement fixation test in 3605 horse sera. The threat of an outbreak of equine trypanosomosis into non-endemic countries is posed by imported thoroughbreds that are latent carriers of the pathogens. The main obstacles in the control of equine trypanosomosis are the lack of vaccine, low activity of drugs to curethe neurological stage of the disease and low sensitivity of the current diagnostics. The continuous import movement of breeding horses worldwide requires reliable therapeutic, prophylactic drugs, highly sensitive diagnostic tests and an effective algorithm for anti-epizootic measures. The use of equine complement fixation test, equine prolonged complement fixation test is based on the needs of controlling Dourine. The results of seromonitoring on equine trypanosomosis give the opportunity to obtain information on the epizootic situation of equine servility disease in the country, to organise anti-epizootic measures from the scientific and economic point of view, to prevent the emergence of risk factors of infection and spread of Dourine.