As Moore's law is gradually losing its effectiveness, the development of alternative high-speed and low-energy–consuming information technology with postsilicon-advanced materials is urgently needed. The successful application of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) has given rise to a tremendous economic impact on magnetic informatics, including magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), radiofrequency sensors, microwave generators, and neuromorphic computing networks. The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials brings opportunities for MTJs based on 2D materials, which have many attractive characteristics and advantages. In particular, the recently discovered intrinsic 2D ferromagnetic materials with high spin polarization hold the promise for next-generation nanoscale MTJs. Various 2D materials, such as semimetallic graphene, insulating h-BN, semiconducting MoS₂, magnetic semiconducting CrI₃, magnetic metallic Fe₃GeTe₂, and some other recently emerged 2D materials, are discussed as the electrodes and/or central scattering materials of MTJs in this review. We discuss the fundamental and main issues facing MTJs; review the current progress made with 2D MTJs; briefly comment on work with some specific 2D materials and highlight how they address the current challenges in MTJs; and, finally, offer an outlook and perspective of 2D MTJs.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton or Fenton-like reactions is an emerging cancer treatment that can both effectively fight cancer and reduce side effects on normal cells and tissues, and it has made important progress in cancer treatment. The catalytic efficiency of Fenton nanocatalysts(F-NCs) directly determines the anticancer effect of CDT. To learn more about this new type of therapy, this review summarizes the recent development of F-NCs that are responsive to tumor microenvironment (TME), and detailedly introduces their material design and action mechanism. Based on the deficiencies of them, some effective strategies to significantly improve the anticancer efficacy of F-NCs are highlighted, which mainly includes increasing the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, reducing the pH, glutathione (GSH) content, and the dependence of F-NCs on acidic environment in the TME. It also discusses the differences between the effect of multi-mode therapy with external energy (light and ultrasound) and the single-mode therapy of CDT. Finally, the challenges encountered in the treatment process, the future development direction of F-NCs, and some suggestions are analyzed to promote CDT to enter the clinical stage in the near future. Graphical Abstract

The activity levels of key substances (metal ions, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen, biological small molecules, etc.) in organisms are closely related to intracellular redox reactions, disease occurrence and treatment, as well as drug absorption and distribution. Fluorescence imaging technology provides a visual tool for medicine, showing great potential in the fields of molecular biology, cellular immunology and oncology. In recent years, organic fluorescent probes have attracted much attention in the bioanalytical field. Among various organic fluorescent probes, fluorescent organic small molecule probes (FOSMPs) have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physicochemical properties, such as good photostability, high spatial and temporal resolution, as well as excellent biocompatibility. FOSMPs have proved to be suitable for in vivo bioimaging and detection. On the basis of the introduction of several primary fluorescence mechanisms, the latest progress of FOSMPs in the applications of bioimaging and detection is comprehensively reviewed. Following this, the preparation and application of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) that are designed with FOSMPs as fluorophores are overviewed. Additionally, the prospects of FOSMPs in bioimaging and detection are discussed.