Ceratocarpus arenarius (Chenopodiaceae) is an under-investigated annual plant that occurs in dry areas stretching from eastern and south-eastern Europe to East Asia. This article presents the botanical characterization and examination of proximate parameters, minerals and cytotoxic activity of C. arenarius that grows wild in Kazakhstan. The results of morphological analysis using a light microscope, based on cross-sections of stems, roots and leaves, provide the necessary data to develop a regulatory document for this herbal substance as a raw material for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The investigated proximate characteristics included moisture content (6.8 ± 0.28%), ash (5.9 ± 0.40%), fat (12.5 ± 21.28%) and protein (392.85 ± 25.50). The plant is also rich in minerals (mg/100 g dry weight); Na (20.48 ± 0.29), K (302.73 ± 1.15), Zn (4.45 ± 0.35), Fe (1.18 ± 0.03), Cu (0.11 ± 0.02), Mn (0.76 ± 0.01), Ca (131.23 ± 0.09) and Mg (60.69 ± 0.72). The ethanolic extract of C. arenarius showed no acute toxicity against the brine shrimp nauplii.

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °C), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (τ₀ 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °C), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils.

The aim. The purpose of this study is to develop the optimal composition and rational gel technology under the conventional name "Kaz-P7" based on the antifungal pomiferin. Materials and methods. The object of the study is the substance pomiferin. Based on the physicochemical properties of the gel (poorly soluble in water) and technological properties structurant - Carbopol Ultrez 20 (swelling) chosen optimal solvent system: DMSO-PG-water (1:4:1) corresponding to the maximum solubility of drug and polymer provides swelling. Following the requirements of GF RK I, vol. 1, 2.2.8, 2.2.10 was determined by rotational viscometric method. Rheological properties of the sample are determined using rotational viscometer "Rheolab QC" (firm "Anton Paar", Austria) with coaxial cylinders CC27/S-SN29766 determined. The rheological parameters were studied at a temperature of 20 °C – 35 °C using the MLM U15c thermostat included in the rheostat. Results. Gel dosage forms provide better bioavailability of the drug substance. In addition, gels are a more modern dosage form, pleasant in terms of organoleptic characteristics. The technology of gel manufacturing consists of two parallel processes: preparation of the drug substance solution and its introduction into the base. From the point of view of biopharmacy, which studies the biological effect of drugs depending on their physical properties, dosage form and preparation technology, the greatest release of the drug substance occurs when it is introduced into the dosage form in dissolved form. Pomiferin administered in the dissolved state has the most therapeutic effect on the gel base. At the same time, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were dissolved in different solvents with gradual heating. The ratio of solvents DMSO-PG-water (1:4:1) at which the developed dosage form will be more structured, stable, and thixotropic gel is established. Conclusions. Fungal skin diseases are among the most frequently discussed problems in the literature. The relevance of this topic is determined by the high prevalence of pathogens, which account for 37-42 % of all skin diseases. It was experimentally established that for the complete neutralization of one gm of carbopol Ultraz 20 in the DMSO-PG-water solvent system (1:4:1), one gm of triethanolamine (pH 7.0) is consumed. The optimal diluent consisting of DMSO-PG- water in the ratio (1:4:1) was selected by physico-chemical analysis methods, and one gm of triethanolamine (pH 7.0) was selected as the neutralizing agent. The following composition was chosen as the optimal gel model: API-3.0, DMSO-3.0, PG-50.0, Carbopol Ultrez 20-1.0, and Triethanolamine-1.0. The optimal composition and technology of the gel codenamed "Kaz-P7" based on the substance obtained by pomiferin was developed Мета. Метою даного дослідження є розробка оптимального складу та раціональної технології гелю під умовною назвою «Каз-П7» на основі протигрибкового препарату поміферину. Матеріали та методи. Об’єктом дослідження є речовина поміферин. Виходячи з фізико-хімічних властивостей гелю (погано розчиняється у воді) та технологічних властивостей структуроутворювача – Карбопол Ультрез 20 (набухання) обрано оптимальну систему розчинників: ДМСО-ПГ-вода (1:4:1), що відповідає максимальній розчинності препарат і полімер забезпечує набухання. Відповідно до вимог ДФ РК І т. 1, 2.2.8, 2.2.10 визначали ротаційно-віскозиметричним методом. Реологічні властивості зразка визначають за допомогою ротаційного віскозиметра «Rheolab QC» (фірма «Anton Paar», Австрія) з визначенням коаксіальних циліндрів CC27/S-SN29766. Дослідження реологічних параметрів проводили за температури 20 °С – 35 °С за допомогою термостата MLM U15c, що входить до складу реостата. Результати. Гелеві лікарські форми забезпечують кращу біодоступність лікарської речовини. Крім того, гелі є більш сучасною лікарською формою, приємною за органолептичними показниками. Технологія виготовлення гелю складається з двох паралельних процесів: приготування розчину лікарської речовини та введення його в основу. З точки зору біофармації, яка вивчає біологічну дію лікарських засобів залежно від їх фізичних властивостей, лікарської форми і технології приготування, найкраще вивільнення лікарської речовини відбувається при введенні її в лікарську форму в розчиненому вигляді. Найбільшу лікувальну дію на основу гелю надає поміферин, введений у розчиненому стані. При цьому активні фармацевтичні інгредієнти (АФІ) розчиняли в різних розчинниках з поступовим нагріванням. Встановлено співвідношення...

Background/Objectives: The essential oils of Abies species possess a complex chemical composition and pronounced biological activity. However, comparative studies of interspecies differences and on the influence of extraction methods on their chemical profile and pharmacological properties are limited. Such data are necessary for identifying the most promising species and optimizing essential oil production technologies for pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the essential oils of seven Abies species obtained by steam distillation and to analyze the effects of three extraction methods on the chemical and biological characteristics of Abies sibirica L. oil. Methods: The essential oils of seven Abies species were isolated by steam distillation. For A. sibirica, supercritical CO₂ extraction and microwave-assisted steam distillation (MASD) were additionally used. Chemical composition was determined by GC-MS. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, PCA and hierarchical cluster modeling, and non-parametric tests. Antifungal activity was assessed against Candida albicans, and antiradical activity was assessed using densitometric analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed significant differences in chemical composition between species and extraction methods. The main compounds were bornyl acetate, α-pinene, and camphene. ANOVA revealed significant differences in bornyl acetate and β-pinene content between species (p < 0.001) and methods (p < 0.01). PCA and clustering identified a bornyl acetate-rich chemotype (A. sibirica, A. grandis, A. lowiana). A. sibirica oil, obtained by MASD, exhibited high antifungal activity (82% inhibition), similar to that of 5-flucytosine (95%). Antiradical activity correlated with monoterpenes corresponding to peaks 2 and 7 of the densitogram. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the species and extraction method significantly determine the chemical profile and biological properties of Abies oils. A. sibirica oil, obtained by MASD, demonstrated the highest activity, highlighting its potential as a source of biologically active compounds.

The possibility of improving the rheological characteristics of waxy oils by using low-viscosity oil as a diluent to optimize oil transportation has been studied. We have previously demonstrated the processes of paraffin deposition in the highly paraffinic oil of the Kumkol oilfields group. In this study, we examine the physicochemical properties and rheological parameters of highly paraffinic West Kazakhstan oil and light Aktobe oil (with different compositions of Aktobe oil—1 to 50%). Our data show that the Aktobe oils are characterized by a low paraffin content (5.6%), a low temperature of yield loss (−30 °C), and low density (820.2 kg/m³) compared with the West Kazakhstan oil mixture (17.3%; +15 °C; 880.2 kg/m³). The effective viscosity of the Aktobe oils at −5 °C was 0.021 Pa·s, while for the West Kazakhstan oil, it was 5.459 Pa·s at +5 °C. The addition of the low-viscosity Aktobe oil as a diluent led to a decrease in the temperature of loss of fluidity (+9 °C) of the highly solidified non-Newtonian West Kazakhstan oil, as well as a decrease in the viscosity (0.367 Pa·s). Accordingly, with the addition of Aktobe oils to the composite oil, the content of naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons increased, which led to an improvement in the aggregative stability of the oil dispersion and enhanced the viscosity properties of the oil.

The article presents the results of the study of the chemical composition of Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. For the first time in Kazakhstan, 20 grams of brown Sorbus aucuparia L. extract were collected using subcritical carbon dioxide extraction. The current study was directed mainly to the chemical compositions of subcritical Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. The Sorbus aucuparia L. extract's chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The extract included the following main compounds: 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Determined fatty acid profile and the moisture content of raw vegetable ingredients of Sorbus substance. Quantitative determination of fatty acids of ethanol extract was carried out. The results of the analysis for fatty acids in the study showed that linoleic (37.7 %) and oleic (50.5 %) were the most prominent fatty acids. The aim of this study is to determine the component composition by using the GC-MS method and fatty acid to study the Sorbus aucuparia L. extract obtained by CO2 extraction, which grows in Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. To determine the possibility of using Sorbus aucuparia L., we carried out the composition and fatty acid of the extract obtained by CO2 extraction in subcritical conditions of Sorbus aucuparia L. by a certain GC-MS method. Results. The raw materials of the plant were collected in accordance with GACP requirements. Conducted subcritical CO2 extraction of plant raw materials showed a 20 g extraction yield. Chemical compounds were discovered, bioactive components were identified, such as 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Conclusions. The possibility of using the obtained CO2 extract of Sorbus aucuparia L. in the field of pharmaceutical products as a substance and a drug У статті наведено результати дослідження хімічного складу субкритичного СО2 екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L.. Вперше в Казахстані було зібрано 20 грамів коричневого екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L. за допомогою субкритичної екстракції вуглекислим газом. Поточне дослідження було спрямоване на хімічний склад субкритичного екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2. Хімічний склад екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L. визначали за допомогою газової хроматографії/мас-спектрофотометрії (ГХ-МС). Екстракт включав наступні основні сполуки: 5-Метил-2(3Н)-фуранон (30,18 %), 5-(3-Етоксі-4,5-дигідро-ізоксазол-5-іл)-5-метил-імідазолідин-2,4-діон (3,20 %), 4Н-піран-4-он, 2,3-дигідро-3,5-дигідрокси-6-метил (2,53 %). Визначено жирнокислотний профіль та вміст вологи рослинної сировини субстанції Sorbus. Проведено кількісне визначення жирних кислот спиртового екстракту. Результати аналізу жирних кислот у дослідженні показали, що лінолева (37,7 %) і олеїнова (50,5 %) були найбільш помітними жирними кислотами. Метою даної роботи є визначення компонентного складу за допомогою методу ГХ-МС та жирних кислот для дослідження екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L., отриманого СО2-екстракцією, який росте в Казахстані. Матеріали та методи. Для визначення можливості використання Sorbus aucuparia L. певним методом ГХ-МС проводили дослідження складу та жирних кислот екстракту, отриманого СО2-екстракцією в докритичних умовах Sorbus aucuparia L. Результати. Рослинну сировину збирали відповідно до вимог GACP. Проведена субкритична СО2-екстракція рослинної сировини показала вихід екстракції 20 г. Виявлено хімічні сполуки, ідентифіковано біоактивні компоненти, такі як 5-Метил-2(3Н)-фуранон (30,18 %), 5-(3-Етоксі-4,5-дигідро-ізоксазол-5-іл)-5-метил -імідазолідин-2,4-діон (3,20 %), 4Н-піран-4-он, 2,3-дигідро-3,5-дигідрокси-6-метил (2,53 %). Висновки. Визначено можливість використання отриманого CO2 екстракту Sorbus aucuparia L. у фармацевтичній галузі як субстанції та лікарського засобу