Lithium is an important strategic metallic element, which plays a vital role in the production of batteries. Coal gangue has been regarded as a promising resource of lithium. In this study, the coal gangue collected from Jungar coalfield contains 437 ppm of lithium, which is significantly higher than the average content of coal (31.8 ppm) in China. Lithium extraction from the coal gangue was systematically investigated via the integrated process of roasting and acid leaching with the mechanism analysis. The majority (94%) of lithium was extracted when raw samples are roasted at 400°C for 20 min before 4 h leaching with 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 60°C, which represented the optimal conditions. X-Ray Diffraction patterns and surface microscopic analysis of the roasting samples showed that thermal decomposition of kaolinite, as the carrier minerals of lithium in the gangue, happened during the roasting, resulting in the easy release of lithium by acid leaching. It was found that diffusion is the dominant control factor of lithium leaching based on the kinetic analysis. In this paper, an integrated process of roasting and leaching with moderate conditions was developed and performed for lithium extraction from coal gangue.

Critical metallic elements in coal gangue have great utilization potential, especially due to the current shortage of these metals. This paper focused on examining the feasibility of physical separation (screening and float-sink tests) and calcination treatment for the enrichment of critical elements (Li, Ga, and rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY)) from coal gangue. The impacts of these enrichment methods on the acid leaching recovery of these elements were then studied. Screening tests indicated that Li and Ga were enriched in >0.125 mm size fraction and the content of REY was highest in <75 μm size fraction. Float-sink tests showed that high-density fractions were enriched in Li and Ga, and low-density fractions were enriched in REY. Physical separation cannot significantly improve the leaching rate of Li, Ga, and REY. Notably, Li, Ga, and REY were enriched significantly, and their acid leaching recoveries were increased by 54~68% after calcination under 400 °C. Sequential chemical extraction tests showed that the majority of insoluble Li, Ga, and REY was converted into soluble forms at the above temperature, which is attributed to the formation of amorphous metakaolinite and the decomposition of organic matter. Based on the results, a conceptually combined flowsheet was proposed for the extraction of Li and Ga from coal gangue.

Coal fly ash (CFA) obtained from pulverized coal furnaces is a highly refractory waste that can be used for alumina and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction. The REEs in this type of CFA are associated with a mullite and amorphous glassy mass that forms a core-shell structure. In this research, it was shown that complete dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates from the mullite surface with the formation of the low-alkali mullite concentrate prior to sulfuric acid leaching with the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ helps to accelerate the extraction of REEs. The extraction degree of Sc and other REEs reaches 70–80% after 5 h of leaching at 110 °C and acid concentration of 5 M versus less than 20% for the raw CFA at the same conditions. To study the leaching kinetics of the process, the effects of temperature (90–110 °C), liquid-to-solid ratio (5–10), and leaching time (15–120 min) on the degrees of Al and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction were evaluated. After 120 min of leaching at 110 °C and L/S ratio = 10, the extraction of Al was found to be lower than 30%. At the same time, total REEs (TREE) and Fe extraction were greater than 60%, which indicates that a part of the TREE was transferred into the acid soluble phase. After leaching, the residues were studied by laser diffraction (LD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) to evaluate the leaching mechanism and the solubility of Al- and Fe-containing minerals, such as mullite, hematite, and amorphous aluminosilicate.

Coal ash (CA) is not only one of the most solid wastes from combustion, easily resulting in a series of concerns, but it is also an artificial deposit with considerable metals, such as iron and rare earth. The variation in the coal ash characteristics due to the origins, combustion process, and even storage environment has been hindering the metal utilization from coal ash. In this study, three ash sample from lab muffle, circulating fluidized bed (CFB), and pulverized coal (PC) furnace was derived for the discrepancy study from the combustion furnace, including properties, iron, and rare earth recovery. The origins of the coal feed samples have more of an effect on their properties than combustion furnaces. Magnetic separation is suitable for coal ash from PC because of the magnetite product, and the iron content is 58% in the Mag-1 fraction, with a yield of 3%. The particles in CA from CFB appear irregular and fragmental, while those from PC appear spherical with a smooth surface. The results of sequential chemical extraction and observation both indicated that the aluminosilicate phase plays an essential role in rare earth occurrences. Rare earth in CA from muffling and CFB is facilely leached, with a recovery of approximately 50%, which is higher than that from PC ash. This paper aims to offer a reference to easily understand the difference in metal recovery from coal ash.

Coal fly ash (CFA) as a potential resource for rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) has attracted extensive attention over the past few years. This paper focuses on studying microwave systems for the leaching of REY from CFA. Leaching parameters including hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration, microwave heating time, microwave heating rate, and temperature were assessed. The optimal recovery of 74.91% REY, 86.77% light rare earth elements (LREY), and 34.79% heavy rare earth elements (HREY) are obtained at the conditions of 3 M HCl, T = 220°C, heating rate 39°C/min, and leaching time 30 min. The closed microwave system produces hydrogen chloride fluid or hydrogen chloride gas that is easier to react with CFA than hydrogen ions. It was revealed by the analysis of XRD, particle size, porosity, and SEM that fracture development benefits the entrance of leaching reagents into the inner layer of CFA. A positive linear correlation was found between leaching efficiency and REY³⁺ ionic radius. The stability of the REY-O bond also remains consistent with the ionic radius, leading to behavior differences during the leaching. This work was targeted to provide a theoretical and technological foundation for microwave-assisted HCl leaching for the extraction of REY in CFA.