This study is focused on the characterization and investigation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers from the point of view of macro- and nanometer level. The fibers were produced using electrostatic spinning process in air. Two types of fibers were produced since the collector speed (300 rpm and 2000 rpm) differed as the only one processing parameter. Differences in fiber’s properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with cross-sections observation utilizing focused ion beam (FIB). The phase composition was determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The crystallinity was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and chemical analysis of fiber’s surfaces and bonding states were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Other methods, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), were employed to describe morphology and piezoelectric response of single fiber, respectively. Moreover, the wetting behavior (hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity) was also studied. It was found that collector speed significantly affects fibers alignment and wettability (directionally ordered fibers produced at 2000 rpm almost super-hydrophobic in comparison with disordered fibers spun at 300 rpm with hydrophilic behavior) as properties at macrolevel. However, it was confirmed that these differences at the macrolevel are closely connected and originate from nanolevel attributes. The study of single individual fibers revealed some protrusions on the fiber’s surface, and fibers spun at 300 rpm had a core-shell design, while fibers spun at 2000 rpm were hollow.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

The paper specifies the electrostatic spinning process of specific polymeric materials, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamide-6 (PA6, Nylon-6) and their combination PVDF/PA6. By combining nanofibers from two different materials during the spinning process, new structures with different mechanical, chemical, and physical properties can be created. The materials and their combinations were subjected to several measurements: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to capture topography; contact angle of the liquid wettability on the sample surface to observe hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity; crystallization events were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to describe properties and their changes at the chemical level. Furthermore, for the electrical properties of the sample, the dielectric characteristics and the piezoelectric coefficient were measured. The advantage of the addition of co-polymers was to control the properties of PVDF samples and understand the reasons for the changed functionality. The innovation point of this work is the complex analysis of PVDF modification caused by mixing with nylon PA6. Here we emphasize that the application of nylon during the spin influences the properties and structure (polarization, crystallization) of PVDF.

The concept of the Internet of Things is capable of making a giant leap in the economy, including research in the field of computer science, network technologies, microelectronics and sensor technology. Combined with the technological developments of nanotechnology and robotics, IoT can play a central role in the industrial revolution by creating economic relations between machines and connecting the economy of people and machines, solving a number of problems that humanity is facing. All devices controlled via the Internet are elements of the Internet of things. The IoT has allowed various possibilities for all countries to improve life quality and the technological ideas for efficiency, productivity, security, and profit. An integrated security system is a giant step towards the improved economy. The concept of IoT plays a decisive role in the further development of the infocommunication industry. This is confirmed both by the position of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the European Union on this issue, and by the inclusion of the Internet of Things in the list of breakthrough technologies in the United States, China and other countries. Thus, this article will go over the current state of the IoT as well as describe which devices and industries stand to benefit from the advantages it brings. Additionally, statistical data on the actual trends and investments into IoT across the world are also provided.

This study is concerned with the research and development of nanofibrous hybrid materials functioning as membranes composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and enriched with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as dopants for the adsorption and detection of gases, dyes, and heavy metals in wastewater. Several types of nanofiber composites are fabricated by electrostatic spinning. The prepared samples and their chemical, optical, and material properties are analyzed. Subsequently, the preliminary investigation of dye removal is conducted. Accordingly, the design and investigation of these nanofibrous structures may contribute to addressing critical environmental and technological challenges.