Background: Candida auris has emerged as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, presenting significant clinical challenges worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in antifungal research, the specific mechanisms underlying drug resistance in C. auris remain incompletely understood. To overcome this problem, natural compounds can be used as valuable alternatives. The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of NEO against C. auris and to understand the functional mechanisms underlying its antifungal activity. Methods: The antifungal activity of NEO against C. auris strain CBS10913T was examined using broth microdilution and spot assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Mechanistic investigations were performed using phenotypic-, biochemical-, and fluorescence-based assays to evaluate its effects on cell wall integrity, membrane permeability, efflux pump activity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, biofilm formation, and host cell adherence. Hemolytic assays were performed to evaluate preliminary biocompatibility. Results: During our study, we found that NEO showed strong fungicidal activity against C. auris, with an MIC of 500 µg/mL and an MFC of 650 µg/mL, and disrupted fungal cell wall integrity, significantly reduced ergosterol content, and inhibited efflux pump activity, leading to increased accumulation of fluorescent substrates. NEO induced increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative-mediated lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Moreover, NEO also suppressed stress biofilm formation, reduced metabolic activity, and decreased adherence to buccal epithelial cells, and it showed negligible hemolytic activity up to 2× MIC, indicating preliminary biocompatibility. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NEO utilizes broad antifungal activity through multiple functional and phenotypic mechanisms, including disruption of membrane integrity, inhibition of efflux pump, induction of oxidative stress, and suppression of biofilm formation. Although the direct effects on pathogenicity-related genes or proteins were not studied, the findings still show NEO as a promising natural antifungal agent.

The use of nanotechnologies in medicine, particularly in the creation of novel drug delivery systems, has gained growing interest. Drugs can target specific sick locations with the assistance of nanoscale carriers, extending treatment efficacy and reducing unwanted side effects. Despite significant drawbacks, a lot of pharmaceutical and medical device businesses have already used medical nanotechnology. In some situations, medications with a high potential for toxicity, like cancer chemotherapy drugs, can be delivered with a higher level of safety. Living cells are microscopic virtual machines that participate in all biological processes, such as cell signaling, metabolism, energy production, and nutrient transport. Considering this, it can be said that this technique is a strong contender for use in therapeutic biology and medicine. We talk about the value of nanoscience in this review as various nanotechnology platforms are applied in other areas of medicine. Additionally, we are talking about the potential applications of nanotechnology in human health in the future.

Two or more successive pregnancy losses before the 20th week of pregnancy are referred to as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Recurrent spontaneous abortion has an etiology that is mostly unknown, multifactorial, with a lot of discussion about diagnosis and care. In this review we talked about the causes and the method to treat recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Anatomical, gastrointestinal, and placental disorder, hormone concerns, illness, cigarettes and alcohol consumption environmental conditions, mental illnesses and traumatic life experiences, as well as some coagulation and protein deficiency responsible for immune system control, are all logical etiologic triggers. In addition, the immune response plays an important role in human reproduction. Infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, IVF success, obstetrical success, and male gonadal function have all been linked to vitamin-D. Low vitamin-D levels can boost the risk of obstetric problems during pregnancy. The majority of (RSA) cases, however, are undescribed, which can be attributed to autoimmune and isoimmune antibodies, which could play a role in pregnancy immunologic failure and abortion. The ability to recognize pregnancy immunologically is critical for the continuation of pregnancy. Anti-HLA antibodies may be prevented by inadequate identification of antigens from an unborn child or increased HLA exchange with the parent. Abortion is linked to lower levels of antiidiotypic antibodies (Ab2), anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies (APCA), and mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibodies (MLR-Bf) in women with (RSA), according to several reports. Thrombolytic therapies such as aspirin as well as heparin, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment, lymphocyte vaccination with parental lymphocytes, and newly used (RSA) drugs are all efficient.