Tomatoes are an important agricultural product because they contain high concentrations of bioactive substances, such as folate, ascorbate, polyphenols, and carotenoids, as well as many other essential elements. As a result, tomatoes are thought to be extremely beneficial to human health. Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are routinely utilized to maximize tomato production. In this context, microbial inoculations, particularly those containing PGPR, may be utilized in place of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, we investigated the effects of PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and cyanobacteria when utilized alone, and in conjunction with each other, on the growth, quality, and yield of fresh fruits of tomato plants. The results showed that the inoculation significantly increased all measured parameters of tomato plants compared with the control. Combined use of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens had a positive impact on tomato yield, increasing fruit yield. Moreover, leaflet anatomical characteristics were altered, with increased thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and vascular bundles. Tomato fruit quality was improved, as measured by an increased number of fruit per plant (76% increase), fruit weight (g; 33% increase), fruit height (cm; 50% increase), fruit diameter (cm; 50%), total soluble solids (TSS; 26% increase), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 g F.W.; 75% increase), relative to the control, in the first season. In addition, fruit chemical contents (N, P, and K) were increased with inoculation. The results suggest that inoculation with B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens could be successfully used to enhance tomato plant growth and yield.

Integrated biofertilizers such as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs), cyanobacteria, and yeast can considerably improve the growth, integrity, and overall health of crops, including cowpea. In this study, we assess the benefits of applying microbial fertilizers as an eco-friendly approach to partially substitute chemical fertilizers while maintaining growth and yield characteristics in cowpea plants. We investigated the role of the three microorganisms, Bacillus amyloliquefacien (B), Nostoc mucorum (C), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y), individually and in four possible combinations (B + C, B + Y, C + Y, and B + C + Y) as integrated bio-fertilizers on the microbial enzyme activities, plant growth parameters, and yield characteristics of cowpea. Plants inoculated with B + C + Y mixture resulted in significant improvement in dehydrogenase enzyme activity by 390%, chlorophyll by 180%, plant dry weight by 130%, and in the pod length and dry weight by 68% and 190%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated plants. The grain total carbohydrates increased by 170% over the control due to treatment with B + C + Y. The B + C + Y treatment also positively influenced the anatomy of the terminal leaflet with a 16.6% higher thickness of the midrib zone, 22.6% increase in vascular bundle length, and 42.4% and 33.5% increases in upper and lower epidermal leaf layers, respectively. Additionally, palisade and spongy tissues increased by 36.9% and 26.5%, respectively, compared to the control. An integrated nutrient management program using biofertilizers is recommended for achieving higher yields and environmentally safe cowpea production.

Cyanobacteria have an essential role in stimulating plant growth and suppressing soil- born fungi. This study investigated the effect of Nostoc sp. and Anabaena spp. filtrates on Fusarium solani infection of yellow lupine (Lupineus luteus) plants, both in vitro and in vivo. Nostoc spp. and Anabaena spp. strains were tested for their capacity to suppress pathogenic fungus. A pot experiment in a greenhouse was carried out to apply both cyanobacterial strains individually and in combination against artificial infection by the F. solani pathogen. After 45 days of sowing, disease assessment, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, pigment content, membrane leakage, malonaldehyde, membrane leakage peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, ascorbic acid and total phenols were measured in plant leaves. Total bacterial and cyanobacterial count, dehydrogenase, protease and chitinase activities were determined in the rhizosphere soil of lupine plants. Survival plants were recorded after 60 days of planting. The results demonstrated that the presence of both cyanobacterial strains was capable of suppressing pathogenic fungus infection as single treatment; however, the combination application resulted in greater suppression than the single treatment, in single application of cyanobacteria the pre-damping of decreased by 40% and by more than 50% in combined application. Nevertheless, cyanobacteria improved growth measurements, defense enzyme activities, and microbial soil activities, hydrolytic enzymes in soil and plant viability.

Bacterial candidates were isolated from soil contaminated by petroleum and these isolates were evaluated for their ability to degrade diesel from which twelve bacterial isolates showed growth magnitude of ≤ 8.16 log CFU/ml. The two most promising microbial candidates (S1 and S3) showed the highest growth of 8.16 and 7.98 Log CFU/ml and were phylogenetically analyzed and uploaded in GenBank as Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus strains with GenBank accession no. OR632422 and OR632421, respectively. B. subtilis and M. luteus emulsification indices recorded were 72.22% and 65.56%, respectively. Worthy to mention that optimal growing conditions in presence of 4% diesel fuel (v/v) for both strains were achieved at pH 7, with optical densities maximum values of 1.007 and 0.85 for B. subtilis and M. luteus, respectively. After 14 days the maximum values for biodegradation percent of added diesel fuel achieved by B. subtilis and M. luteus were 70.74 and 54.63 %, respectively. Ultimately, the current study demonstrated that out of the twelve bacterial isolates only two identified strains of which B. subtilis was more effective in degrading diesel oil than M. luteus.