The manuscript is focused on the problems of evacuation in case of fire from the buildings of museums as places with a mass presence of people. Features specific to museums and how they affect safe evacuation conditions are discussed. Most attention is paid to evacuation management, since the vast majority of museum visitors are not familiar with the layout of the building. In this case, the actions of staff in evacuation management are decisive. The paper considers the development of evacuation schemes, taking into account the spread of fire hazards in the building and the development of instructions on their basis for the staff. Using the example of the Winter Palace of the State Hermitage Museum, the solution of the marked tasks with the use of computer simulation of evacuation during a fire is given. The analysis of the simulation results showed the vulnerabilities of the museum. In this work, the evacuation schemes for the scenarios are considered. The maximum number of visitors at a single time in the Winter Palace has been set at 4000. The principles of making evacuation schemes are formulated, including taking into account the peculiarities of space-planning solutions inherent in museums, such as enfilades and the connections of rooms.

Рассмотрены проблемы обеспечения пожарной безопасности на объектах культурного наследия при их приспособлении для современного использования. Описаны ограничения применения утвержденной методики расчета индивидуального пожарного риска. Приведены результаты обследования объекта культурного наследия. Проанализирован метод оценки противопожарной защиты объектов с использованием чек-листов, предлагаемый в международных нормативных документах. Определен уровень пожарной безопасности музейных объектов; разработан метод его...

The management of digital and nanotechnologies is currently aimed at limiting existing risks: economic, political, social, entrepreneurial, and others. At the same time, such management does not limit their capabilities. In the foreign literature, which is analyzed in this study and which is devoted to effective approaches to management, approaches that directly affect the development of the institution of self-regulation are ignored. It should be noted that nanotechnology research, which can be categorized as digital technology, is the science and technology of controlling matter at the nanoscale (which ranges from about 1 nm to 100 nm). It has tremendous potential to address the major problems of society in areas such as medicine, agriculture, ecology, and engineering. Despite these advantages, both researchers and policymakers believe that nanotechnology is fraught with risks and uncertainties. These advantages and risks can be avoided by using the instruments of the institution of self-regulation.

Introduction. Many cultural heritage sites have been converted into multifunctional buildings, which preserve original architectural and structural solutions but fail to comply with effective fire safety standards in many instants. In the event of fire, safe evacuation must be organized from the facilities, that may accommodate a large number of people at a time. Experimental studies are needed to identify the flammability characteristics of materials that can affect safe evacuation from cultural heritage premises.Goals and objectives. The co-authors suggest a study on the thermal destruction of historical materials, that have been aging in natural operating conditions. The analysis of gaseous products, emitted in the process of thermal destruction, is performed to identify the influence of ancient materials on formation of hazardous fire factors.Research methods. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the fire hazard indicators for various types of wood, used in the operation of the building, to obtain the reliable initial data, necessary to simulate the dynamics of hazardous fire factors (OFP) when calculating the time to the blocking of escape routes from the Winter Palace.Flammability properties of wood samples was identified with the support of the testing laboratory of the PB Research Centre at IKBS NRU MGSU. The studies, conducted using thermal analysis methods combined with IR spectroscopy, were carried out with the support from the laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “SEU FPS IPL” in St. Petersburg.Results and discussion. The analysis of the results of experiments on materials, has proven that during the thermal destruction of the test samples, regardless of the age and type of wood, acetic acid is released within a certain temperature interval for each sample along with the release of carbon dioxide, and it affects the parameters of fire hazard characteristics of materials.Conclusions. For the first time in Russia, products of thermal destruction of historical materials have been investigated. The data presented in the article illustrate the need for a further study on gaseous products emitted by historical materials during thermal decomposition. The data obtained by the co-authors can be used to determine the calculated values of the fire risk.

Исследования характеристик пожарной опасности паркетов исторических объектов с массовым пребыванием людей