Background Complex underlying mechanisms consisting of cytotoxic, excitotoxic, and inflammatory effects of intraparenchymal hemorrhage (ICH) are responsible for the highly detrimental effects on brain tissue. Oxidative stress also plays a significant role in brain damage after ICH; however, it is less important than other factors. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress parameters malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant-reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CT) activities in operated and nonoperated patients with spontaneous ICH. Methods One hundred patients with spontaneous ICH and 100 healthy controls were included in this study. Within the indication, 50 of the 100 patients underwent decompressive surgery. MDA, GSH, SOD, and CT activities were measured in the serum obtained from the patients. Results SOD and CT levels were lower in the nonoperated group than in the operated and control groups. GSH was similar in the operated and nonoperated groups, but it was lower in the control group. However, MDA was higher in those who did not undergo surgery than in the other groups. Conclusions In our study, MDA, an indicator of oxidative stress, was found to be lower, and CT and SOD activities were found to be higher in ICH patients who underwent decompression than in those who did not. This is the first study to present the correlations of MDA, SOD, CT, and GSH in operated and nonoperated patients with spontaneous ICH.

This study investigated the effects of ghrelin on oxidative stress, working memory, inflammatory parameters, and neuron degeneration. TBI was produced with the weight-drop technique. Rats in the G+TBI and TBI+G groups received ghrelin for 7 days. The control group received saline. On the 8^th day of the study, the brain and blood tissue were taken under anesthesia. A significant increase in brain GSH-PX, MDA, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels and a significant decrease in CAT levels were found in the TBI group compared to the control. Serum MDA, GSH, IL-1β, and IL-8 levels were increased with TBI. Ghrelin treatment after TBI significantly increased the serum GSH, CAT, GSH-PX, and brain GSH and CAT levels, while it significantly decreased the serum MDA, IL-1β, and brain MDA, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels. Histological evaluations revealed that ghrelin treatment led to a reduction in inflammation, while also significantly ameliorating TBI-induced neuron damage and vascular injuries. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that GFAP staining intensity was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus in TBI, and GFAP immunoreactivity was decreased with ghrelin treatment. The results from this study suggested that ghrelin may have curative effects on TBI.

Aims: Empty sella (ES) is a radiological finding characterized by flattening of the pituitary gland and filling of the sella turcica with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is often associated with obesity and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between anatomical measurements of the sella turcica and the foramen magnum (FM) in patients with ES and to investigate the potential association of these structures with nuchal subcutaneous fat thickness. Methods: Thirty-one patients diagnosed with ES by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Measurements of the sellar fossa included midsagittal narrow and wide diameters, craniocaudal depth, and transverse diameter. Additionally, FM anteroposterior and transverse diameters were measured. Nuchal subcutaneous fat thickness was also assessed at the FM level. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and correlation analyses. Results: The ES group showed significantly larger narrow and wide diameters, as well as greater depth of the sellar fossa, compared to controls (p < 0,05). Although the anteroposterior diameter of the FM was similar between groups, the transverse diameter was significantly narrower in ES patients (p = 0,019). Nuchal subcutaneous fat thickness was significantly increased in the ES group compared to controls (p = 0,028). A strong positive correlation was observed between the wide diameter and the depth of the sellar fossa. Conclusion: The significant enlargement of the sella turcica morphology and the narrowing of the FM transverse diameter in ES patients support the role of cranial bone structures and CSF dynamics in the pathogenesis of ES. Increased nuchal fat thickness may serve as a practical radiological indicator of obesity, which is commonly associated with ES.