In addition to physical barriers, neutrophils are considered a part of the first line of immune defense. They can be found in the bloodstream, with a lifespan of 6-8 hours, and in tissue, where they can last up to seven days. The mechanisms that neutrophils utilize for host defense are phagocytosis, degranulation, cytokine production and, the most recently described, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production. NETs are DNA structures released due to chromatin decondensation and spreading, and they thus occupy 3-5 times the volume of condensed chromatin. Several proteins adhere to NETs, including histones and over 30 components of primary and secondary granules, among them components with bactericidal activity such as elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, lactoferrin, pentraxin 3, gelatinase, proteinase 3, LL-37, peptidoglycan-binding proteins and others with bactericidal activity able to destroy virulence factors. Three models for NETosis are known to date. a) Suicidal NETosis, with a duration of 2-4 hours, is the best described model. b) In vital NETosis with nuclear DNA release, neutrophils release NETs without exhibiting loss of nuclear or plasma membrane within 5-60 minutes, and it is independent of ROS and the Raf/MERK/ERK pathway. c). The final type is Vital NETosis with release of mitochondrial DNA that is dependent on ROS and produced after stimuli with GM-CSF and LPS. Recent research has revealed neutrophils as more sophisticated immune cells that are able to precisely regulate their granular enzymes release by ion fluxes and can release immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines that interact with various components of the immune system. Therefore, they can play a key role in autoimmunity and in autoinflammatory and metabolic diseases. In this review, we intend to show the two roles played by neutrophils: as a first line of defense against microorganisms and as a contributor to the pathogenesis of various illnesses, such as autoimmune, autoinflammatory and metabolic diseases.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes sudden fever along with several nonspecific signs and symptoms and in severe cases, death. DENV is transmitted to people by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, whose populations increase during rainy season. West Nile Virus (WNV), Rickettsia spp. and Leptospira spp. are fever-causing pathogens that share many of the initial symptoms of DENV infection and also thrive in the rainy season. Outbreaks in some regions may be due to any of these pathogens that can co-circulate. Plus, they are clinically indistinguishable until severe symptoms appear, even though these diseases should be treated differently. An effective differential diagnosis would help clinicians and vector control departments to make right decisions for control and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, we developed four different SYBR green ® -based reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays for simultaneous detection of DENV, WNV, Rickettsia spp. and Leptospira spp. The assay has been optimized to yield results in less than 1 h; and in order to reduce contamination risk, all reagents were premixed and lyophilized on 96 well plates and thus only requires the addition of water and total nucleic acids from the sample. Sensitivities of the assays were less than 100 copies of nucleic acid targeted for these four pathogens. Assays did not show cross reactivity with any of the four pathogens nor to human nucleic acids. We are presenting a sensitive and selective kit that detects four relevant pathogens from tropical regions, that is quick, cost-effective and easy to use.

The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) over the last decades is reflected in the diffusion of tools for automated learning and the availability of applications. Therefore, there is a need to study the risks and benefits of developing hard skills and critical thinking in health education, where tools such as podcasts have been employed to enhance learning. To determine whether the use of AI improves learning when developing a podcast about a health sciences-related topic, we conducted a cross-sectional analytical study with convenience sampling and a descriptive observational approach. We evaluated 52 health science students from a private university in Mexico using 10 questions related to the podcast topic. The assessment of learning, comparing students who used AI with a control group that performed traditional research, showed no significant differences in their mean grades (p = 0.81). The use of AI did not significantly compromise students' learning. These results were further supported by students' perceptions of their own learning, with most expressing positive opinions. AI may be implemented in health sciences education with positive reception by students.

A podcast is a downloadable audio file with a significant impact on teaching due to its availability and repetitive on-demand playback. Educational podcasts are created through a didactic planning process to provide students with cognitive advantages, enhancing their analysis, selection skills, and content dissemination. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of using podcasts compared to other teaching strategies for learning in health sciences students. The study was an analytical cross-sectional design conducted with a sample of 52 health sciences students, who were asked to develop a designated podcast, followed by answering a survey about their perception of using podcasts, as well as identifying strengths and weaknesses. Our findings indicated that most participants enjoyed using podcasts, highlighting their innovative characteristics and the opportunity they provide to spread information; they also reported increased learning. The advantages included the lack of need to record their faces, the ability to make several recording attempts, and the generation of their own knowledge. Disadvantages included the need for editing, the presence of visual or kinesthetic learning preferences, and stuttering while speaking. Therefore, practical implications suggest that podcasts stand out as an innovative educational tool among health sciences students, with clear perceived strengths and few weaknesses.