This article aims to adapt the Flexible Thinking in Learning (FTL) scale developed by Barak and Levenberg in 2016 to Turkish culture The FTL scale, whose original language is English, consists of three sub-dimensions: “Acceptance of Learning Technologies”, “Open-Mindedness in Learning” and “Adaptation to New Learning Situations”. During the process, language and field experts conducted mutual translations between English and Turkish to assess the language equivalence of the scale. The original scale was supplied to English teachers to measure the degree of similarity between the original language (English version) and the translated language (Turkish version). After a fifteen-day interval, the same teachers were given the adapted version of the scale. The degree of similarity between the scale's original language and its Turkish translation was calculated. Once the scale’s harmony was deemed satisfactory in both languages, a pilot study was conducted to receive feedback and suggestions on the comprehensibility, applicability, and general structure of the scale. After necessary improvements were made, the scale was finalized. The Flexible Thinking in Learning (FTL) scale, which was adapted to Turkish, was applied to 516 volunteer teachers. As per the findings of the analysis, the adapted scale has three sub-dimensions, just like the original scale. The measured structure of the adapted scale was found to be consistent with the original scale’s factor structure.

Problematic pornography use has gained increasing scholarly and clinical attention over the past decade. Despite this, definitions remain contested, classification models are inconsistent, and measurement approaches vary, creating barriers for cumulative knowledge and evidence-based practice. This review provides an overview of the conceptual, methodological, and clinical landscape of problematic pornography use. The goal is to guide researchers and practitioners by summarizing current knowledge, identifying research gaps, and highlighting future directions. A narrative review of the literature was conducted, synthesizing theoretical models, epidemiological findings, measurement tools, identified risk and protective factors, and available intervention approaches. Special attention was given to cultural variation, usage characteristics, and the role of moral incongruence. Findings indicate that problematic pornography use is situated at the intersection of behavioral addictions, impulse-control difficulties, and compulsive tendencies, with no consensus on a unifying framework. Prevalence estimates vary widely due to sampling bias and definitional inconsistencies. Risk factors include impulsivity, insecure attachment, and early exposure, while protective factors such as family support and ethical disapproval may buffer risk. Excessive pornography use has been linked to psychological distress, relationship difficulties, and aggressive sexual attitudes, though associations are moderated by contextual variables. Measurement remains inconsistent, with few tools aligned with diagnostic criteria. Interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness, and pharmacological options show promise, but evidence is limited by small samples and short follow-ups. Future research should prioritize standardized definitions, culturally adapted measurement, inclusion of content-type variables, and methodologically rigorous longitudinal designs. Clinical efforts must expand to diverse populations and relational contexts, moving the field toward an empirically grounded and ethically responsible science of problematic pornography use

Emotion regulation difficulties are a significant concern in the realm of eating disorders, serving as either contributing factors or ongoing challenges. While extensive research has explored these issues within prominent eating disorders like anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), there is a noticeable gap when it comes to understanding emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) and intuitive eating (IE) characteristics in the context of orthorexia nervosa (ON). This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by introducing a quantitative approach to investigate ERD and IE in a Turkish population affected by ON, involving 159 participants. The study's primary findings reveal that ON represents a non-adaptive eating behavior inherently marked by ERD. Notably, a significant gender difference was observed, indicating that men exhibit a higher likelihood of displaying orthorexic tendencies compared to women . Prior research has highlighted the importance of ERD and the absence of IE in the context of AN and BN. This study extends these findings to assert that these emotional factors also constitute critical criteria in the understanding and treatment of ON. Thus, clinicians should be attentive to the emotional aspects when addressing individuals affected by ON.