A versatile and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of various organophosphorus compounds have been developed under microware conditions. We have synthesized a series of the trifluoromethyl phosphonates via Phospha-Brook rearrangement between dialkylphosphite and 3-(trifluoroacetyl)coumarins using KF/Al₂O₃ as a highly efficient solid catalyst under solventless conditions. Catalyst reuse, ease of separation of the pure product, and high yields are some of the unique features of this process. In addition, the mycelial growth rate method was used to examine the in vitro antifungal activities of the phosphates 4a-o against Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, Bipolaris maydis and Alternaria solani at 500 µg/mL. The results showed that compound 4n exhibited significant anti-Phytophthora capsici activity with inhibitory index of 86%.

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host health. Dietary components such as waxy maize starch (WMS) and malate-debranched WMS (MADBS) may serve as modulators of microbial composition and function. In this study, the effects of WMS and MADBS on murine gut microbiota in vivo and human fecal in vitro fermentation were investigated. The results of gut microbiota in mice revealed that WMS increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae and Bifidobacterium, while MADBS enriched Ileibacterium, Muribaculaceae, and Dubosiella. The in vitro fermentation model demonstrated that WMS increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, and Megasphaera, whereas MADBS enhanced Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella. Both compounds decreased the levels of Escherichia-Shigella. Metabolically, compared to the control group, WMS improved the production of acetic, propionic, butyric, and valproic acids, while MADBS decreased the concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Compared to the control group, WMS reduced the production of CH₄, NH₃, and H₂S while increasing CO₂ yield. MADBS reduced the generation of CH₄, NH₃, H₂S, and CO₂. These findings suggest that WMS and MADBS can modulate the gut ecosystem by selectively promoting probiotics, inhibiting pathogens, and altering metabolic profiles.