Relationship exploration between the street-greenery rate (SGR) of different street types and land surface temperature (LST) is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development goals. Given the lack of consideration of the local climate zone concept (LCZ), Chongqing’s Inner Ring region was selected as a case to assess the relationship between SGR and LST. Firstly, the LST was retrieved based on Landsat 8 imagery, which was calibrated by the atmospheric correction method; next, the street-greenery rates of different streets were calculated based on the semantic segmentation method; finally, street types were classified in detail by introducing LCZ, and the relationship between SGR and LST was investigated. The results showed that: (1) The LST spatial distribution pattern was closely related to human activity, with the high-temperature zones mainly concentrated in the core commercial areas, dense residential areas, and industrial cluster areas; (2) The average SGR values of expressways, main trunk roads, secondary trunk roads, and branch roads were 21.70%, 22.40%, 24.60%, and 26.70%, respectively. The level of SGR will decrease when the street width increases; (3) There is a negative correlation between the SGR and the LST in most streets. Among them, the LST of secondary trunk roads in low-rise and low-density built-up areas with a south-north orientation had a strong negative correlation with the SGR. Moreover, the wider the street, the higher the cooling efficiency of plants. Specifically, the LST of streets in low-rise and low-density built-up areas with south-north orientation may decrease by 1°C when the street-greenery rate is increased by 3.57%.