The current study aimed to investigate the potential of Aspergillus iizukae EAN605 for removing remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR), methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) from dye-containing wastewater to provide controlled degradation pathway for the dyes in the wastewater. The removal rate and batch kinetic coefficients of the dye, as well as the microstructure of A. iizukae EAN605 mycelium during the mycoremediation process, were investigated in the Bach study. The decolourisation was due to the action of laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP). The maximum removal of RBBR was 94.78% at 10 mg/100 mL observed after 9 days. Meanwhile, the removal of MO and MR was 84.90% and 47.65% at 40 mg/100 mL observed after 3 days of experiment. The kinetic coefficients for the removal of RBBR, MO and MR by A. iizukae EAN605 were determined as $K$ = 1032.21 mg log₁₀ cell mL^–1 d^–1 and $K_s$ = 65,637.90 mg L^–1 for RBBR; $K$ = 4.64 mg log₁₀ cell mL^–1 d^–1 and $K_s$ = 460.16 mg L^–1 for MO; and $K$ = 0.576 mg log₁₀ cell mL^–1 d^–1 and $K_s$ = 228.82 mg L^–1 for MR. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman Spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the biosorption of dyes destroyed the mycelium surface and changed its functional groups structure. The findings have revealed that the high potential of A. iizukae EAN605 in dyes decolourisation.

Tissue engineering (TE) is an innovative approach to tackling many diseases and body parts that need to be replaced by developing artificial tissues and organs. Bioinks play an important role in the success of various TE applications. A bioink refers to a combination of a living cell, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules deposited in a layer-by-layer form to fabricate tissue-like structures. The research on bioink attempts to offer a 3D complex architecture and control cellular behavior that improve cell physical properties and viability. This research proposed a new multi-material bioink based on alginate (A), gelatin (G), and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) biomaterials, namely (AGLC) bioinks. The development of AGLC was initiated with the optimization of different concentrations of A and G gels to obtain a printable formulation of AG gels. Subsequently, the influences of different concentrations of CELC with AG gels were investigated by using a microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting system to obtain a printed structure with high shape fidelity and minimum width. The AGLC bioinks were formulated using AG gel with 10% weight/volume (w/v) of A and 50% w/v G (AG10:50) and 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of CELC, respectively. The AGLC bioinks yield a high printability and resolution blend. The printed filament has a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a 1 mL/min extrusion rate when the A equals 10% w/v, G equals 50% w/v, and CELC equals 40% v/v (AGLC40). Polymerization of the AGLC bioinks with calcium (Ca²⁺) ions shows well-defined and more stable structures in the post-printing process. The physicochemical and viability properties of the AGLC bioinks were examined by FTIR, DSC, contact angle, FESEM, MTT assay, and cell interaction evaluation methods. The FTIR spectra of the AGLC bioinks exhibit a combination of characteristics vibrations of AG10:50 and CELC. The DSC analysis indicates the high thermal stability of the bioinks. Wettability analysis shows a reduction in the water absorption ability of the AGLC bioinks. FESEM analysis indicates that the surface morphologies of the bioinks exhibit varying microstructures. In vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay shows the ability of the bioinks to support the biological activity of HeLa cells. The AGLC bioinks show average cell viability of 82.36% compared to the control (90%). Furthermore, cultured cells on the surface of AGLC bioinks showed that bioinks provide favorable interfaces for cell attachment.

Past study showed that lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), curry leaves (Murrya koenigii), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) contain phytochemicals associated with antioxidant properties. However, all the herbs are tested individually and rarely mix together. This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant properties and interaction effect when combined. The plants studied were decocted with distilled water. Eighteen formulations of aqueous extracts were established using simplex lattice mixture design that was generated by Design Expert software. The antioxidant properties were analyzed by 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays. The result showed that the mixture of lemongrass and curry leaves extracts gave the highest reading in DPPH assay (91.14%), FRAP assay (215.66 mM) and TFC (22.62 µg Rutin/mL). In the DPPH assay, the ratio of one to one (1:1) mixture of lemongrass with other plants extracts showed antagonistic interaction. There were five (5) formulations that showed synergistic interaction in all assays. However, there were two (2) formulations that showed antagonistic interactions on both DPPH and FRAP assays. No additive effect was observed in all formulations. The suggested optimum formulation contains 53.7% lemongrass, 43.4% curry leaves, 2.9% ginger and 0.0% turmeric. Most of the mixtures presented synergistic interactions. This indicated the potential of plant extract mixtures to be developed into nutraceutical products in the future by conducting in-vivo study.