This article reviews biochar production and its potential applications across various sectors, including agriculture, environmental remediation, and energy storage. It emphasizes the critical role of feedstock source and process parameters, such as residence time, heating rate, and temperature, in determining biochar’s properties. Although extensive research has been conducted on the physical and chemical properties of biochar, there remains a significant gap in evaluating its practical applications. This paper emphasizes the role of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as a valuable tool for optimizing both biochar production and its application strategies. By exploring scholarly articles and patents, it offers insights into biochar production techniques, characterization methods, and the importance of process optimization for sustainable and efficient biochar use in real-world scenarios.

Since the invention of beer by the Sumerian people in 5000 BC, alcohol was the main reason of the interest of consumers on beer. Only in the beginning of the 20th century alcohol-free beer was demanded and since then technology has advanced dramatically in the production of those beverages. The aim on alcohol-free beer production is to have products that taste similarly to their alcoholic equivalents, the sole absence of alcohol and low concentrations of esters and higher alcohols and the higher concentration of aldehydes create a “worty” organoleptic impression of those products. Alcohol-free beers can be obtained by the restriction of alcohol formation during fermentation, the use of special yeast strains that consume or don’t produce alcohol, the thermal removal of alcohol and by the removal of alcohol trough membrane processes. Membrane separated alcohol-free beers preserve more of the natural constituents of beer aroma and those products usually taste better than those obtained through other processes. Pervaporation techniques show a broad spectrum of use and can even be combined with other processes and perform the removal of undesired products or separation and recuperation of aromatic substances.