This study investigated the effects of teaching via virtual reality (VR) on creative design performance and creative experiential learning processes by using a pretest–post-test nonequivalent group design to sample 138 seventh graders from a junior high school in Taipei City. The main conclusions from this study are: (1) VR has significant positive effects on creative design processes, particularly in the design and planning, testing and revision and thoughts and appreciation stages. (2) VR has significant positive effects on creative design outcomes, with high- and low-level effects on creative design and functional appropriateness, respectively. (3) The learning process for VR and creative experiential learning shifts from concrete experiences to reflective observations, abstract conceptualization and, finally, innovative applications. Behaviors of reflective observation and innovative application are active and vital to the performance of creative processes and outcomes.

This study explored the effects of design thinking on the conceptual cognition of artificial intelligence (AI) learning, attitudes toward AI, idea creativity, and the product creativity of AI applications. The concept map indicated that design thinking had a significant effect on the conceptual cognition of AI learning, particularly the relational conjunctions and classes of AI concepts. However, effects of cross-linking and examples were nonsignificant. In addition, it had a significant and positive effect on learning attitudes toward AI, in particular AI input and AI processing. Moreover, design thinking significantly and positively affected the idea creativity of AI applications, particularly the effects of novelty and value. It also had a significant and positive effect on the product creativity of AI applications, particularly functionality and elaboration. However, material novelty, style, idea structure, and product creativity had no significant difference.