The textile industrys discharges have long been regarded as severe water pollution. The photocatalytic degradation of dyes using semiconductors is one of the crucial methods. The present study efficiently used the mechanical method to synthesize Iron oxide Nanoparticles. XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, and Raman analyses were performed to analyze the structural and optical. From the data provided by XRD and Raman data, we believed that the as-synthesized Iron oxide was pure hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) with a hexagonal structure. Additionally, the EDS results show that the synthesized material is pure. By adjusting specific parameters, including the dye concentration, the catalyst dosage, the pH, and the oxidizing agent such as H₂O₂ and K₂S₂O₈, the degradation of eosin yellowish using Fe₂O₃ as a photocatalyst has been discussed. Additionally, the kinetics of eosin yellowish degradation has been studied. A study was also conducted using Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles attached to polyurethane polymer (PU) to investigate its photocatalytic activity on methylene blue, methyl orange, and indigo carmine. In 30minutes, nearly 90 of the dyes had degraded. The total organic carbon (TOC) analysis confirmed this result.

Photocatalysis plays a crucial role in tackling environmental challenges by efficiently breaking down organic pollutants in water. This study highlights the significant contribution of 2D materials in advancing photocatalytic technology for sustainable environmental remediation. It explores various aspects of photocatalytic processes, including important performance metrics such as reaction rate, quantum yield, space yield, energy consumption, and figure of merit. The main focus is on 2D materials‐based structures, such as metal oxide supported on graphene and graphene oxides, MXene, or MoS₂ (referred as 2D‐MO NPs), as well as more complex nanocomposite configurations (referred as 2D‐MO NCs). Furthermore, the research examines the complex interaction between compositional and operational factors that influence photocatalytic activity, as well as different photocatalytic mechanisms and active species. Finally, it addresses the current limitations of photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation for field applications and discusses the prospects of this technology.