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The paper presents the comparison of the results obtained on a masonry building by nonlinear static analysis using different software operating in the field of continuum and discrete-macroelement modeling. The structure is inspired by an actual building, the "P. Capuzi" school in Visso (Macerata, Italy), seriously damaged following the seismic events that affected Central Italy from August 2016 to January 2017. The activity described is part of a wider research program carried out by various units involved in the ReLUIS 2017/2108—Masonry Structures project and having as its object the analysis of benchmark structures for the evaluation of the reliability of software packages. The comparison of analysis was carried out in relation to: global parameters (concerning the dynamic properties, capacity curves and, equivalent bilinear curves), synthetic parameters of structural safety (such as, for example, the maximum acceleration compatible with the life safety limit state) and the response in terms of simulated damage. The results allow for some insights on the use of continuum and discrete-macroelement modeling, with respect to the dispersion of the results and on the potential repercussions in the professional field. This response was also analyzed considering different approaches for the application of loads.
G. Castellazzi; B. Pantò; G. Occhipinti; D. A. Talledo; L. Berto; G. Camata. A comparative study on a complex URM building: part II—issues on modelling and seismic analysis through continuum and discrete-macroelement models. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2021, 1 -27.
AMA StyleG. Castellazzi, B. Pantò, G. Occhipinti, D. A. Talledo, L. Berto, G. Camata. A comparative study on a complex URM building: part II—issues on modelling and seismic analysis through continuum and discrete-macroelement models. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2021; ():1-27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Castellazzi; B. Pantò; G. Occhipinti; D. A. Talledo; L. Berto; G. Camata. 2021. "A comparative study on a complex URM building: part II—issues on modelling and seismic analysis through continuum and discrete-macroelement models." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering , no. : 1-27.
Recent earthquakes have shown that the seismic behavior of noncode‐conforming reinforced concrete buildings are in several cases strongly affected by the nonlinear response and possible failure of the beam‐column joints. Beam‐column joint inelasticity is typically due to either shear cracking and failure of the central concrete panel or bond‐slip of the longitudinal steel bars. This paper proposes a new Joint with Hinges macro‐element capable of simulating the most important sources of nonlinearities in the joints. It consists of a quadrilateral central panel whose rigid edges are connected to the beams’ and columns’ end nodes through nonlinear finite‐length interfaces that represent the plastic hinge zones. The central panel deforms in shear only. The joint macro‐element accounts for the nonlinear shear response of the central panel, for the bond‐slip of the longitudinal rebars crossing the joint and for the nonlinear shear and flexural behavior of the plastic hinge zones of the beams and columns connected to the joint. The resulting model of the reinforced concrete frame is the assembly of nonlinear Joint with Hinges macro‐elements connected by elastic frame elements. The proposed formulation is applied in this paper to plane frames. Validation studies with results from available experimental tests on beam‐column joint subassemblages show the proposed model capability to predict the hysteretic responses and the failure mechanisms of connections with unreinforced joints and different beam reinforcement ratios.
Bartolomeo Pantò; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Enrico Spacone. A 2D beam‐column joint macro‐element for the nonlinear analysis of RC frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2020, 50, 935 -954.
AMA StyleBartolomeo Pantò, Salvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò, Enrico Spacone. A 2D beam‐column joint macro‐element for the nonlinear analysis of RC frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2020; 50 (3):935-954.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomeo Pantò; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Enrico Spacone. 2020. "A 2D beam‐column joint macro‐element for the nonlinear analysis of RC frames." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 50, no. 3: 935-954.
The assessment of the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures based on numerical modeling constitutes a difficult task due to their complex behavior, especially in the nonlinear dynamic field, and the lack of suitable, low-demanding, computational tools. In the last decades, practical statistical tools for the derivation of fragility curves have been successfully proposed mainly with reference to framed structures. This approach has been adopted also for the seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings focusing on the in-plane collapse mechanisms by means of equivalent frame models. Nevertheless, the lack of computationally effective tools which involve the interaction between in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms makes the definition of fragility curves an arduous task when it comes to existing masonry structures without box behavior. In this paper, a practical and thorough methodology for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of URM buildings by means of analytical fragility curves is presented. This methodology presents some innovative features such as the definition of the Limit States (LSs) and their corresponding capacity based on multi-directional pushover analyses, as well as the application of nonlinear dynamic analyses, performed using a discrete macro-element modelling approach capable of simulating the main in-plane and out-of-plane responses of URM structures with a reduced computational burden. The present investigation focuses on the application of this methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of a brick masonry structure characterized by a strong out-of-plane failure mechanism. After a fitting process, the fragility curves were compared to the ones obtained using expert-based approaches.
César Chácara; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò; Paulo Lourenco. Seismic vulnerability of URM structures based on a Discrete Macro-Element Modeling (DMEM) approach. Engineering Structures 2019, 201, 109715 .
AMA StyleCésar Chácara, Francesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pantò, Ivo Caliò, Paulo Lourenco. Seismic vulnerability of URM structures based on a Discrete Macro-Element Modeling (DMEM) approach. Engineering Structures. 2019; 201 ():109715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Chácara; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò; Paulo Lourenco. 2019. "Seismic vulnerability of URM structures based on a Discrete Macro-Element Modeling (DMEM) approach." Engineering Structures 201, no. : 109715.
Beam finite elements for non linear plastic analysis of beam-like structures are formulated according to Displacement Based (DB) or Force Based (FB) approaches. DB formulations rely on modelling the displacement field by means of displacement shape functions. Despite the greater simplicity of DB over FB approaches, the latter provide more accurate responses for those requiring a coarser mesh. In order to fill the existing gap between the two approaches, improvement of the DB formulation without the introduction of mesh refinement, is necessary. To this aim, the authors recently provided a contribution to the improvement of the DB approach by proposing new enriched, adaptive displacement shape functions, leading to the Smart Displacement Based (SDB) beam element. In this paper the SDB element is extended to include the axial force-bending moment interaction, crucial for the analysis of reinforced concrete (r/c) cross sections. The proposed extension requires the formulation of discontinuous axial displacement shape functions which are dependent on the diffusion of plastic deformations. The stiffness matrix of the extended smart element is provided explicitly and is dependent on the displacement shape functions updating. The axial force-bending moment interaction is approached by means of a fibre discretisation of the r/c cross section. The extended element, addressed as Fibre Smart Displacement Based (FSDB) beam element, is shown to be accurate furthermore, it is accompanied by an optional procedure proposal in order to verify the strong equilibrium of the axial force along the beam element, which is not usually accomplished by DB beam elements. Given a fixed mesh discretisation, the performance of the FSDB beam element is compared with the DB approach to show the higher degree of accuracy in the proposed element.
Bartolomeo Pantò; Davide Rapicavoli; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò. A Fibre Smart Displacement Based (FSDB) beam element for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete members. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 2019, 117, 103222 .
AMA StyleBartolomeo Pantò, Davide Rapicavoli, Salvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò. A Fibre Smart Displacement Based (FSDB) beam element for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete members. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. 2019; 117 ():103222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomeo Pantò; Davide Rapicavoli; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò. 2019. "A Fibre Smart Displacement Based (FSDB) beam element for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete members." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 117, no. : 103222.
The out-of-plane vulnerability of masonry walls plays a crucial role in the seismic response of existing structures. Depending upon mechanical properties and section morphology, collapse may occur by the onset of a mechanism or, as historic constructions often exhibit, leaf separation, disaggregation or sliding. In these latter cases, structural analyses based on rigid-body mechanics may overestimate the seismic capacity, thus resulting unconservative. The distinct element method (DEM), which represents masonry as an assembly of discrete blocks and nonlinear interfaces, could instead be used. Nevertheless, it is more complex and requires more input parameters, so it is still barely applied in engineering practice. In this paper, the seismic out-of-plane response of masonry walls was modelled with DEM. A shake table test on a two-leaf rubble stone masonry wall and a single-leaf wall in tuff blocks was simulated through nonlinear dynamic analyses. The mechanical properties of joints were calibrated on the basis of dynamic identification under low-intensity white noise input, leading to a good prediction of the seismic response. Then, they were further tuned based on the surveyed crack pattern for an improved matching between experimental results and numerical postdictions. Finally, the results provided by the limit analysis were discussed in the light of DEM simulations.
Pietro Meriggi; Gianmarco De Felice; Stefano De Santis; Francesca Gobbin; Anna Mordanova; Bartolomeo Pantò. Distinct Element Modelling of Masonry Walls under Out-Of-Plane Seismic Loading. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2019, 13, 1110 -1123.
AMA StylePietro Meriggi, Gianmarco De Felice, Stefano De Santis, Francesca Gobbin, Anna Mordanova, Bartolomeo Pantò. Distinct Element Modelling of Masonry Walls under Out-Of-Plane Seismic Loading. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2019; 13 (7):1110-1123.
Chicago/Turabian StylePietro Meriggi; Gianmarco De Felice; Stefano De Santis; Francesca Gobbin; Anna Mordanova; Bartolomeo Pantò. 2019. "Distinct Element Modelling of Masonry Walls under Out-Of-Plane Seismic Loading." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 7: 1110-1123.
Numerous research studies have proved that numerical models aiming at an accurate evaluation of the seismic response of RC framed buildings cannot ignore the inelastic behaviour of infills and the interaction between infill and frame elements. To limit the high computational burden of refined non‐linear finite element models, in the latest decades, many researchers have developed simplified infill models by means of single or multiple strut‐elements. These models are low time‐consuming and thus adequate for static and dynamic analyses of multi‐storey structures. However, their simulation of the seismic response is sometimes unsatisfying, particularly in the presence of infill walls with regular or (particularly) irregular distributions of openings. This paper presents a new 2D plane macro‐element, which provides a refined simulation of the non‐linear cyclic response of infilled framed structures at the expense of a limited computational cost. The macro‐element consists of an articulated quadrilateral panel, a single 1D diagonal link, and eight 2D links and is able to model the shear and flexural behaviour of the infill and the non‐linear flexural/sliding interaction between infill and surrounding frame. The proposed macro‐element has been implemented into the open source software OpenSees and used to simulate the response of single‐storey, single‐span RC infilled frame prototypes tested by other authors. The above prototypes are selected as made of different masonry units and characterised by full or open geometric configuration.
Bartolomeo Pantò; Pier Paolo Rossi; Bartolome Pantò. A new macromodel for the assessment of the seismic response of infilled RC frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2019, 48, 792 -817.
AMA StyleBartolomeo Pantò, Pier Paolo Rossi, Bartolome Pantò. A new macromodel for the assessment of the seismic response of infilled RC frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2019; 48 (7):792-817.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomeo Pantò; Pier Paolo Rossi; Bartolome Pantò. 2019. "A new macromodel for the assessment of the seismic response of infilled RC frames." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 48, no. 7: 792-817.
Masonry multi-span arch bridges are historical structures still playing a key role in many transportation networks of numerous countries. Most of these bridges are several decades old and have been subjected to continuous dynamic loadings, due to the vehicular traffic, and in many cases their maintenance required structural modifications. The currently adopted health monitoring strategies are based on in situ inspections as well as structural assessments based on numerical models characterised by different levels of reliability according to the required purpose. Simplified approaches are generally adopted for fast structural evaluation, on the other hand more rigorous approaches are fundamental for a reliable structural assessment of these particular structures, often characterized by very complex geometrical layouts and structural alterations not always sufficiently documented. This paper presents an original Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM) that allows a reliable simulation of the linear and nonlinear response of masonry structures and masonry bridges characterised by a lower computational burden, compared to classical nonlinear FEM analyses, although maintaining a good accuracy. The method is applied to a real masonry bridges and the results are compared with those obtained from a more sophisticated three- dimensional nonlinear FEM model both in linear and nonlinear context.
Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Domenico D'Urso; Bartolomeo Pantò; Davide Rapicavoli; Giuseppe Occhipinti. 3D Discrete Macro-Modelling Approach for Masonry Arch Bridges. IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management 2019, 1825 -1835.
AMA StyleSalvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò, Francesco Cannizzaro, Domenico D'Urso, Bartolomeo Pantò, Davide Rapicavoli, Giuseppe Occhipinti. 3D Discrete Macro-Modelling Approach for Masonry Arch Bridges. IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. 2019; ():1825-1835.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Domenico D'Urso; Bartolomeo Pantò; Davide Rapicavoli; Giuseppe Occhipinti. 2019. "3D Discrete Macro-Modelling Approach for Masonry Arch Bridges." IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management , no. : 1825-1835.
The out-of-plane vulnerability of perimeter walls is one of the main issues in the seismic response of historic masonry structures. Their dynamic behaviour is highly non-linear and is influenced by the discontinuous nature of the material. A range of failure modes may occur, such as onset of a mechanism, leaf separation, disaggregation, or sliding. Simplified approaches based on rigid-block dynamics may be unconservative, especially for poor-quality masonry, which is typical of a large proportion of our built heritage. Distinct element method (DEM), in which masonry is modelled as an assembly of discrete blocks and zero-thickness joints, appears suitable to simulate the dynamic response of masonry structures. In this work, DEM is used to analyse the out-of-plane bending response of two masonry walls, a two-leaf rubble stone masonry wall and a single-leaf wall in regular tuff blocks. Their seismic behaviour is simulated through non-linear dynamic analyses and compared to shake table test results for validation. DEM provides a good description of the seismic response of the walls, despite the high sensitivity to input parameters (stiffness, friction angle, tensile strength, cohesion and damping), which need to be calibrated in a suitable way.
Pietro Meriggi; Bartolomeo Pantò; Stefano De Santis; Anna Mordanova; Gianmarco De Felice. Distinct Element Modelling of the Out-of-Plane Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Walls. RILEM Bookseries 2019, 1364 -1371.
AMA StylePietro Meriggi, Bartolomeo Pantò, Stefano De Santis, Anna Mordanova, Gianmarco De Felice. Distinct Element Modelling of the Out-of-Plane Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Walls. RILEM Bookseries. 2019; ():1364-1371.
Chicago/Turabian StylePietro Meriggi; Bartolomeo Pantò; Stefano De Santis; Anna Mordanova; Gianmarco De Felice. 2019. "Distinct Element Modelling of the Out-of-Plane Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Walls." RILEM Bookseries , no. : 1364-1371.
UnReinforced Masonry (URM) structures experience severe damage due to in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms when subjected to seismic actions. The assessment of the seismic vulnerability of URM generally requires complex analytical procedures consisting of the application of sophisticated numerical models. However, these models may request a high computational effort or may present an over-simplified scheme, mainly when the out-of-plane mechanisms are neglected. In this sense, a 3-dimensional macro-element model is here used for a preliminary assessment of the seismic vulnerability of a URM prototype characterized by an out-of-plane collapse mechanism. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of this type of constructions is investigated by means of fragility functions in accordance with specific damage states and a given seismic input. The structural safety assessment was conducted by means of time history analyses with a limited computational effort. In addition, the evaluation of the limit states is here performed by means of an alternative approach named as Capacity Dominium based on the application of nonlinear static analyses.
César Chácara; Paulo B. Lourenço; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò. Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of an Unreinforced Masonry Structure Based on Discrete-Macro Dynamic Analyses. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2019, 1210 -1218.
AMA StyleCésar Chácara, Paulo B. Lourenço, Francesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pantò, Ivo Caliò. Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of an Unreinforced Masonry Structure Based on Discrete-Macro Dynamic Analyses. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2019; ():1210-1218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Chácara; Paulo B. Lourenço; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò. 2019. "Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of an Unreinforced Masonry Structure Based on Discrete-Macro Dynamic Analyses." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 1210-1218.
A. Greco; G. Lombardo; B. Pantò; A. Famà. Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2018, 14, 517 -540.
AMA StyleA. Greco, G. Lombardo, B. Pantò, A. Famà. Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2018; 14 (4):517-540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Greco; G. Lombardo; B. Pantò; A. Famà. 2018. "Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 4: 517-540.
This paper deals with the numerical simulation of two solutions of brick infill walls developed at University of Minho under out-of-plane loading. The new solution of brick infills intend to represent an enhancement of the seismic performance of this constructive element. The numerical simulation is based on an innovative discrete macro-modelling strategy proposed by Caliò and Pantò (2014). This method is based on a hybrid approach by which the frame is modelled using concentrated plasticity beam-column elements, whereas the non-linear behaviour of masonry infill is modelled by means of a 3D discrete macro-element. The main goals of this work are: (1) to calibrate a numerical model based on the experimental results of the out-of-plane tests on two types of brick masonry infill walls; (2) to assess the efficiency of the macro-modelling approach by comparing the numerical results; (3) to assess the main influencing material and geometric parameters in the out-of-plane behavior of brick infill walls. The results of the numerical simulation enabled to assess the good performance of the macro-modelling approach in simulating the seismic response of brick infill walls and predicting the failure mechanisms. In addition, it was possible to identify the main influencing parameters in the out-of-plane behavior of brick infill walls.
B. Pantò; L. Silva; Graça Vasconcelos; Paulo Lourenco. Macro-modelling approach for assessment of out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infill walls. Engineering Structures 2018, 181, 529 -549.
AMA StyleB. Pantò, L. Silva, Graça Vasconcelos, Paulo Lourenco. Macro-modelling approach for assessment of out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infill walls. Engineering Structures. 2018; 181 ():529-549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Pantò; L. Silva; Graça Vasconcelos; Paulo Lourenco. 2018. "Macro-modelling approach for assessment of out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infill walls." Engineering Structures 181, no. : 529-549.
Reinforced concrete frames (RCFs) represent the most widespread structural typology in several high-seismic regions worldwide. Two categories of buildings can be distinguished: modern buildings designed following a specific seismic code and existing buildings designed only to resist to gravity loads. In both cases, the structural response of RCF may be positively or negatively conditioned by the non-structural masonry infills. Neglecting the infills in the analyses can produce an unsafe prediction of the seismic performance of a structure. In contrast, simplified modelling approaches are needed in current engineering practice, since rigorous modelling strategies, namely non-linear finite-element models, are generally incompatible with the standard hardware/software adopted by practitioners. In this paper two macro-modelling approaches, namely the equivalent diagonal strut model and a recently introduced 2D discrete macro-model, which are currently employed by engineers for predicting the seismic behaviour of infilled frames, are compared. The aim of this investigation is to highlight the influence of the modelling approach and calibration procedures on the seismic performance assessment of infilled frame structures. A recent experimental study on a 1-bay infill frame prototype and a multi-storey frame are considered as benchmark cases. The results obtained highlight the differences between the two approaches in terms of capacity curves and collapse mechanisms.
Kamaran Mohammed Kareem; Bartolomeo Pantò. Simplified macro-modelling strategies for the seismic assessment of non-ductile infilled frames: a critical appraisal. Journal of Building Engineering 2018, 22, 397 -414.
AMA StyleKamaran Mohammed Kareem, Bartolomeo Pantò. Simplified macro-modelling strategies for the seismic assessment of non-ductile infilled frames: a critical appraisal. Journal of Building Engineering. 2018; 22 ():397-414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamaran Mohammed Kareem; Bartolomeo Pantò. 2018. "Simplified macro-modelling strategies for the seismic assessment of non-ductile infilled frames: a critical appraisal." Journal of Building Engineering 22, no. : 397-414.
A high percentage of new and existing framed buildings (either in concrete or steel) are built with unreinforced masonry infilled walls leading to the structural typology known as Infilled Frame Structures (IFS). In these structures, the masonry infills are built after the construction of the main structural frame and are considered as non-structural elements. For this reason, the contribution of unreinforced masonry infills is generally neglected, in the structural analysis of IFS, leading to inaccuracies in the prediction of their seismic nonlinear response. In this paper a three-dimensional discrete element method, able to simulate the complex interactions, in-plane and out-of-plane, in IFS is presented. In the proposed approach, the infill wall is modelled by means of an original spatial discrete element previously introduced for the analysis of UnReinforced Masonry (URM) Structures. Since the attention is focused on the behaviour of the masonry infills, the frame elements have been assumed as linear elastic beams interacting with the macro-elements through plane nonlinear interfaces. In the paper, after a theoretical description of the proposed approach, several experimental–numerical comparisons are provided for investigating the out-plane behaviour of infilled frames. The achieved results demonstrate the accuracy and the significant potential of using the proposed approach for the non-linear analysis of IFS under different loading conditions.
B. Pantò; I. Caliò; P.B. Lourenço. A 3D discrete macro-element for modelling the out-of-plane behaviour of infilled frame structures. Engineering Structures 2018, 175, 371 -385.
AMA StyleB. Pantò, I. Caliò, P.B. Lourenço. A 3D discrete macro-element for modelling the out-of-plane behaviour of infilled frame structures. Engineering Structures. 2018; 175 ():371-385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Pantò; I. Caliò; P.B. Lourenço. 2018. "A 3D discrete macro-element for modelling the out-of-plane behaviour of infilled frame structures." Engineering Structures 175, no. : 371-385.
The structural response of masonry arches is strongly dominated by the arch geometry, the stone block dimensions and the interaction with backfill material or surrounding walls. Due to their intrinsic discontinuous nature, the nonlinear structural response of these key historical structures can be efficiently modelled in the context of discrete element approaches. Smeared crack finite elements models, based on the assumption of homogenised media and spread plasticity, fail to rigorously predict the actual collapse behaviour of such structures, that are generally governed by rocking and sliding mechanisms along mortar joints between stone blocks. In this paper a new Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM) for predicting the nonlinear structural behaviour of masonry arches is proposed. The method is based on a macro-element discretization in which each plane element interacts with the adjacent elements through zero-thickness interfaces and whose internal deformability is related to a single degree of freedom only. Both experimental and numerical validations show the capability of the proposed approach to be applied for the prediction of the non-linear response of masonry arch structures under different loading conditions.
Francesco Cannizzaro; B. Pantò; S. Caddemi; I. Caliò. A Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM) for the nonlinear structural assessment of masonry arches. Engineering Structures 2018, 168, 243 -256.
AMA StyleFrancesco Cannizzaro, B. Pantò, S. Caddemi, I. Caliò. A Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM) for the nonlinear structural assessment of masonry arches. Engineering Structures. 2018; 168 ():243-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Cannizzaro; B. Pantò; S. Caddemi; I. Caliò. 2018. "A Discrete Macro-Element Method (DMEM) for the nonlinear structural assessment of masonry arches." Engineering Structures 168, no. : 243-256.
The seismic performance of unreinforced masonry structures is strongly associated with the interaction between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane mechanisms. The seismic response of these structures has been thoroughly investigated by means of experimental testing, analytical procedures, and computational approaches. Within the framework of the numerical simulations, models based on the finite element method provide a good prediction of the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry structures. However, they usually require a high computational cost and advanced user expertise to define appropriate mechanical properties and to interpret the numerical results. Because of these limitations, simplified models for practical applications have been developed during the last decades. Despite this, a great number of these models focus mostly on the evaluation of the in‐plane response, assuming box (or integral) behavior of the structure. In this paper, a simplified macroelement modeling approach is used to simulate the seismic response of 2 masonry prototypes taking into consideration the combined in‐plane and out‐of‐plane action. The numerical investigations were performed in the static and dynamic fields by using pushover analyses and nonlinear dynamic analyses respectively. The latter is a novel implementation of a model previously developed for static analysis. The results obtained from this study are in good agreement with those provided by a detailed nonlinear continuum FE approach, demonstrating the applicability of this macroelement model with a significant reduction of the computational cost.
César Chácara; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò; Paulo B. Lourenço. Assessment of the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry structures using a macroelement modeling approach. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCésar Chácara, Francesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pantò, Ivo Caliò, Paulo B. Lourenço. Assessment of the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry structures using a macroelement modeling approach. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Chácara; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Ivo Caliò; Paulo B. Lourenço. 2018. "Assessment of the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry structures using a macroelement modeling approach." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics , no. : 1.
The experience of the recent earthquakes in Italy caused a shocking impact in terms of loss of human life and damage in buildings. In particular, when it comes to ancient constructions, their cultural and historical value overlaps with the economic and social one. Among the historical structures, churches have been the object of several studies which identified the main characteristics of the seismic response and the most probable collapse mechanisms. More rarely, academic studies have been devoted to ancient palaces, since they often exhibit irregular and complicated arrangement of the resisting elements, which makes their response very difficult to predict. In this paper, a palace located in L’Aquila, severely damaged by the seismic event of 2009 is the object of an accurate study. A historical reconstruction of the past strengthening interventions as well as a detailed geometric relief is performed to implement detailed numerical models of the structure. Both global and local models are considered and static nonlinear analyses are performed considering the influence of the input direction on the seismic vulnerability of the building. The damage pattern predicted by the numerical models is compared with that observed after the earthquake. The seismic vulnerability assessments are performed in terms of ultimate peak ground acceleration (PGA) using capacity curves and the Italian code spectrum. The results are compared in terms of ultimate ductility demand evaluated performing nonlinear dynamic analyses considering the actual registered seismic input of L’Aquila earthquake.
Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Marco Lepidi; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò. Multi-Directional Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings by Means of Macro-Element Modelling: Application to a Building Damaged during the L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy). Buildings 2017, 7, 106 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pantò, Marco Lepidi, Salvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò. Multi-Directional Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings by Means of Macro-Element Modelling: Application to a Building Damaged during the L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy). Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò; Marco Lepidi; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò. 2017. "Multi-Directional Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings by Means of Macro-Element Modelling: Application to a Building Damaged during the L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy)." Buildings 7, no. 4: 106.
A reliable numerical evaluation of the nonlinear behaviour of historical masonry structures, before and after a seismic retrofitting, is a fundamental issue in the design of the structural retrofitting. Many strengthening techniques have been introduced aimed at improving the structural performance of existing structures that, if properly designed and applied, provide an effective contribution to the preservation of their cultural value. Among these strategies, the use of fabric-reinforced polymeric (FRP) materials on masonry surface is being widely adopted for practical engineering purposes. The application of strips or 2D grid composite layers is a low invasive and easy to apply retrofitting strategy, that is able to improve both the in-plane and the out of plane behaviour of masonry elements also in the presence of complex geometries thanks to their flexibility. For this reason, these techniques are frequently employed for reinforcing masonry curved elements, such as arches and vaults. In this paper, taking advantage of an existing general framework based on a discrete element approach previously introduced by the authors, a discrete element conceived for modelling the interaction between masonry and FRP reinforcement is applied to different curved masonry vaults typologies. This model, already used for evaluating the nonlinear behaviour of masonry arches, is here employed for the first time to evaluate the effectiveness of FRP reinforcements on double curvature elements. After a theoretical description of the proposed strategy, two applications relative to an arch and a dome, subjected to seismic loads, with different reinforced conditions, are presented. The benefit provided by the application of FRP strips is also compared with that associated to traditional retrofitting techniques. A sensitivity study is performed with respect to the structure scale factor.
Bartolomeo Pantò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; César Chácara; Paulo B. Lourenço. Nonlinear Modelling of Curved Masonry Structures after Seismic Retrofit through FRP Reinforcing. Buildings 2017, 7, 79 .
AMA StyleBartolomeo Pantò, Francesco Cannizzaro, Salvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò, César Chácara, Paulo B. Lourenço. Nonlinear Modelling of Curved Masonry Structures after Seismic Retrofit through FRP Reinforcing. Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomeo Pantò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; César Chácara; Paulo B. Lourenço. 2017. "Nonlinear Modelling of Curved Masonry Structures after Seismic Retrofit through FRP Reinforcing." Buildings 7, no. 4: 79.
An accurate evaluation of the nonlinear behaviour of masonry structural elements in existing buildings still represents a complex issue that rigorously requires nonlinear finite element strategies difficult to apply to real large structures. Nevertheless, for the static and seismic assessment of existing structures, involving the contribution of masonry materials, engineers need reliable and efficient numerical tools, whose complexity and computational demand should be suitable for practical purposes. For these reasons the formulation and the validation of simplified numerical strategies represents a very important issue in masonry computational research. In this paper an innovative macro-element approach, developed by the authors in the last decade, is presented. The proposed macro-element formulation is based on different, plane and spatial, macro-elements for the simulation of both the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry structures also in presence of masonry elements with curved geometry. The mechanical response of the adopted macro-element is governed by nonlinear zero-thickness interfaces, whose calibration follows a straightforward fibre discretization, and the nonlinear internal shear deformability is ruled by equivalence with a corresponding geometrically consistent homogenized medium. The approach can be considered as ‘parsimonious’ since the kinematics of the adopted elements is controlled by very few degrees of freedom, if compared to a corresponding discretization performed by using nonlinear FEM strategies. This innovative discrete-element strategy has been implemented in two user-oriented software codes 3DMacro and HiStrA (Historical Structures Analysis), which simplifies the modelling of buildings and historical structures by means of several wizard generation tools and input/output facilities. The proposed approach, that represents a powerful tool for the structural assessment of structures in which the masonry plays a key role, is here validated against experimental results involving typical masonry monumental sub-structural elements and numerical results involving real-scale structures.
Salvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò. New Frontiers on Seismic Modeling of Masonry Structures. Frontiers in Built Environment 2017, 3, 1 .
AMA StyleSalvatore Caddemi, Ivo Caliò, Francesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pantò. New Frontiers on Seismic Modeling of Masonry Structures. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2017; 3 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvatore Caddemi; Ivo Caliò; Francesco Cannizzaro; Bartolomeo Pantò. 2017. "New Frontiers on Seismic Modeling of Masonry Structures." Frontiers in Built Environment 3, no. : 1.
Steel Reinforced Grout composites have become a popular technique for strengthening masonry arches and vaults. The SRG composites are Ultra High Tensile Strength Steel unidirectional textiles applied to masonry substrate by mean of inorganic mortar. The weakness of SRG-masonry joints is the debonding at the matrix fibers interface during the stresses transfer process. In the case of arches and vaults the interface bond properties are also affected by the curved geometry of the substrate. In this work, a closed-form analytical solution to the debonding process of a thin plate bonded on a rigid substrate with constant curvature is proposed. The work provides an upgrade of the model previous prosed by the authors (Malena and de Felice 2014). In the present work the substrate curvature is such that the normal stresses arising at the interface are tensile, as in the case of reinforcing systems applied to the intrados of a masonry arch (Malena and de Felice 2014), or compressive as for reinforcing systems applied to the extrados of a masonry arch. The proposed model describes the interfacial stresses transfer mechanism in the framework of fracture mechanics by two laws describing the behavior in normal (pure opening mode: Mode I) and in tangential (in plane shear mode: Mode II) directions. The coupling deriving from curvature is introduced directly in the cohesive laws describing the bond properties. The outcomes of the proposed predictive model are validated by comparing them with the results derived from an experimental campaign of bond tests on straight and curved substrates made of bricks assembled with mortar and strengthened with SRG.
Marialaura Malena; Stefano De Santis; Bartolomeo Pantò; Gianmarco De Felice. A Closed-Form Analytical Solution to the Debonding of SRG on Curved Masonry Substrate. Key Engineering Materials 2017, 747, 313 -318.
AMA StyleMarialaura Malena, Stefano De Santis, Bartolomeo Pantò, Gianmarco De Felice. A Closed-Form Analytical Solution to the Debonding of SRG on Curved Masonry Substrate. Key Engineering Materials. 2017; 747 ():313-318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarialaura Malena; Stefano De Santis; Bartolomeo Pantò; Gianmarco De Felice. 2017. "A Closed-Form Analytical Solution to the Debonding of SRG on Curved Masonry Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 747, no. : 313-318.
Recent seismic events, such as the Central Italy (2016), the Emilia (2012) and L’Aquila (2009) earthquake, have demonstrated the high vulnerability of cultural heritage represented by historical and monumental buildings. These structures are often characterized by the presence of elements with a curved geometry such as arches and vaults, which interact with the vertical elements (walls or columns) during the earthquake motion, producing a significant effect on the seismic response of the entire structure. Aiming at the reduction of the seismic vulnerability of curved masonry elements, several techniques of reinforcing based on composite fiber materials, have been recently developed and widely investigated by means of experimental tests and numerical simulations. The using of fiber reinforced systems, applied through cementitious mortar (FRCM), is becoming a very common technique of retrofitting for historical and monumental masonry buildings. This technique, if compared to the using of fiber polymeric materials (FRP), is more compatible with the mechanical properties of the masonry and more appropriate with the preservation needs of cultural heritage, associated to the historical constructions. A discrete macro-modeling approach, already available in the literature for modeling masonry structures with plane and curved geometry, is here employed to predict the non-linear behaviour of masonry arches strengthened with FRCM. In that approach the reinforcement is explicitly modeled by using a rigid plate, while the interaction between the reinforcement and the masonry support is governed by a discrete zero thickness interface. In this paper the interfacial behavior is updated with a more sophisticated bond-slip constitutive law specifically conceived for FRCM reinforcement within the framework of fracture mechanics; in particular the proposed calibration takes into account both the pure opening mode (mode I) and the in plane shear mode (mode II). The obtained numerical results are compared with an analytical closed form solution of the problem and validated by mean of experimental tests on prototypes, available in the literature.
Bartolomeo Pantò; Marialaura Malena; Gianmarco De Felice. Non-Linear Modeling of Masonry Arches Strengthened with FRCM. Key Engineering Materials 2017, 747, 93 -100.
AMA StyleBartolomeo Pantò, Marialaura Malena, Gianmarco De Felice. Non-Linear Modeling of Masonry Arches Strengthened with FRCM. Key Engineering Materials. 2017; 747 ():93-100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartolomeo Pantò; Marialaura Malena; Gianmarco De Felice. 2017. "Non-Linear Modeling of Masonry Arches Strengthened with FRCM." Key Engineering Materials 747, no. : 93-100.