Hard exudates are one of the most characteristic and dangerous signs of diabetic retinopathy. They can be marked during the routine ophthalmological examination and seen in color fundus photographs (i.e., using a fundus camera). The purpose of this paper is to introduce an algorithm that can extract pathological changes (i.e., hard exudates) in diabetic retinopathy. This was a retrospective, nonrandomized study. A total of 100 photos were included in the analysis—50 sick and 50 normal eyes. Small lesions in diabetic retinopathy could be automatically diagnosed by the system with an accuracy of 98%. During the experiments, the authors used classical image processing methods such as binarization or median filtration, and data was read from the d-Eye sensor. Sixty-seven patients (39 females and 28 males with ages ranging between 50 and 64) were examined. The results have shown that the proposed solution accuracy level equals 98%. Moreover, the algorithm returns correct classification decisions for high quality images and low quality samples. Furthermore, we consider taking retina photos using mobile phones rather than fundus cameras, which is more practical. The paper presents an innovative approach. The results are introduced and the algorithm is described.

Iridoschisis is a rare condition defined as a separation of the anterior iris stroma from the posterior stroma and muscle layers. In this paper, we review current data about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics and differential diagnoses of this condition and discuss the specificity of surgical treatment of concomitant ocular diseases in iridoschisis patients. Iridoschisis may pose a challenge for both an ophthalmologist in an outpatient setting and an ophthalmic surgeon. Glaucoma, primarily angle-closure glaucoma, is the most often described condition concomitant to iridoschisis. Other ocular abnormalities found relatively often in iridoschisis patients include cataract, lens subluxation and corneal abnormalities. Special attention has been paid to potential complications of cataract surgery and prevention thereof. Beside addressing the practical aspects, we point to discrepancies and suggest topics for further investigation.

We analyze the surgical outcomes and early complications with their management of the Preserflo MicroShunt (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) at six-month follow-up. The study is conducted between March 2021 and May 2022. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) logMAR, intraocular pressure (IOP), and changes in glaucoma medications are assessed. Thirty eyes of 30 patients (22 women [73.3%] and 8 men [26.7%]) are included. They are augmented with mitomycin C (MMC) 0.5 mg/mL (8 subjects) or MMC 0.2 mg/mL (22 subjects) intraoperatively. BCVA is significantly higher one day after the treatment than before the treatment (MD with 95% CI = 0.05 ( 0.050 for both analyses). No other statistically significant differences are detected in the level of BCVA before and after treatment. Among the patients, overall IOP is significantly lower at each time point after treatment than before surgery (p < 0.001 for all analyses). Among patients augmented with MMC 0.2 mg/mL, the IOP level is also significantly lower at each time point after treatment than before treatment (p ≤ 0.001 for all analyses). The same differences are observed among patients with MMC = 0.5—the IOP level is significantly lower at each time point after treatment than before treatment (p < 0.050 for all analyses). Five subjects (16.7%) require anti-glaucoma medications three months after the procedure. Early complications (hypotony, choroidal effusion, keratitis, hyphema, and bleb fibrosis) are observed in 46.7% of cases. Our early results show that Preserflo MicroShunt is safe and effective for lowering IOP; however, it is not free from transient complications.

The aim of this study was to compare surgical and refractive outcomes between phacotrabeculectomy (P-Trab) and phaco with Ex-PRESS (P-Ex-PRESS) for glaucoma at a 6-month follow-up. This prospective randomized controlled trial included 81 eyes; 43 eyes (53%) and 38 eyes (47%) were assigned to the P-Ex-PRESS and P-Trab groups, respectively. Refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), and best-corrected visual acuity were measured. Refractive change was analyzed using the cylinder’s magnitude, and polar analysis assessed the change in the trend of astigmatism [with-the-rule, against-the-rule (ATR), oblique (OBL)], evaluating mean astigmatism in centroid form. All patients showed a statistically significant postoperative decrease in IOP (P < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in terms of postoperative IOP and visual outcomes or in astigmatism preoperatively or postoperatively (P = 0.61, P = 0.74). In both groups, the mean preoperative and postoperative astigmatism were ATR and OBL, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative centroids in the P-Ex-PRESS group were 0.44 ± 1.32 D at 177° and 0.35 ± 1 D at 8°, respectively, (P = 0.5) and in the P-Trab group were 0.16 ± 1.5 D at 141° and 0.39 ± 1.38 D at 29°, respectively (P = 0.38). Both P-Ex-PRESS and P-Trab showed comparable antihypertensive efficacy in treating open-angle glaucoma over 6 months. Preoperative and postoperative astigmatism did not differ between groups. The groups showed comparable results for final visual acuity.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The only proven factor in slowing the progression of glaucomatous neuropathy is lower intraocular pressure (IOP), which can be achieved with pharmacology, laser therapy, or surgery. However, these treatments are associated with various adverse effects, including corneal endothelial cell loss (CECL). In recent years, several novel surgeries for reducing the IOP, collectively referred to as minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), have been developed, one of which is the iStent. However, the long-term effects of such surgeries remain unknown. We compared a group of patients with open-angle glaucoma and cataract who underwent phacoemulsification alone with a group of patients with similar demographic and clinical characteristics who underwent simultaneous phacoemulsification and iStent implantation. Overall, 26 eyes of 22 subjects who underwent a combined phacoemulsification-iStent procedure and 26 eyes of 24 subjects who underwent cataract surgery were included. Before surgery, endothelial cells accounted to 2228.65 ± 474.99 in iStent group and 2253.96 ± 404.76 in the control group (p = 0.836). After surgery, their number declined to 1389.77 ± 433.26 and 1475.31 ± 556.45, respectively (p = 0.509). There was no statistically significant difference in CECL between the two groups 18–24 months after surgery, despite increased manipulation in the anterior chamber and the presence of an implant in the trabecular meshwork in those with an iStent implant. Thus, iStent bypass implantation is a safe treatment in terms of CECL for mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma.