Timely and accurate sea surface wind field (SSWF) information plays an important role in marine environmental monitoring, weather forecasting, and other atmospheric science studies. In this study, a piecewise linear model is proposed to retrieve SSWF information based on the combination of two different satellite sensors (a microwave scatterometer and an infrared scanning radiometer). First, the time series wind speed dataset, extracted from the HY-2A satellite, and the brightness temperature dataset, extracted from the FY-2E satellite, were matched. The piecewise linear regression model with the highest R² was then selected as the best model to retrieve SSWF information. Finally, experiments were conducted with the Usagi, Fitow, and Nari typhoons in 2013 to evaluate accuracy. The results show that: (1) the piecewise linear model is successfully established for all typhoons with high R² (greater than 0.61); (2) for all three cases, the root mean square error () and mean bias error (MBE) are smaller than 2.2 m/s and 1.82 m/s, which indicates that it is suitable and reliable for SSWF information retrieval; and (3) it solves the problem of the low temporal resolution of HY-2A data (12 h), and inherits the high temporal resolution of the FY-2E data (0.5 h). It can provide reliable and high temporal SSWF products.

Multi-stage intrusive complex mapping plays an important role in regional mineralization research. The similarity of lithology characteristics between different stages of intrusions necessitates the use of richer spectral bands, while higher spatial resolution is also essential in small-scale research. In this paper, a multi-source remote sensing data application method was proposed. This method includes a spectral synergy process based on statistical regression and a fusion process using Gram–Schmidt (GS) spectral sharpening. We applied the method with Gaofen-2 (GF2), Sentinel-2, and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data to the mapping of the Mountain Sanfeng intrusive complex in northwest China in which Carboniferous intrusions have been proven to be directly related to the formation of Au deposits in the area. The band ratio (BR) and relative absorption band depth (RBD) were employed to enhance the spectral differences between two stage intrusions, and the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) false colour of the BR and RBD enhancement images performed well in the west and centre. Excellent enhancement results were obtained by making full use of all bands of the synergistic image and using the Band Ratio Matrix (BRM)-Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method in the northeast part of the study area. A crucial improvement in enhancement performance by the GS fusion process and spectral synergy process was thus shown. An accurate mapping result was obtained at the Mountain Sanfeng intrusive complex. This method could support small-scale regional geological survey and mineralization research in this region.

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cloud-resolving model (CRM) results from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) were applied to analyze the diurnal cycle of cloud development in the tropics. Cloud development is intimately associated with the growth of secondary circulation, which can be analyzed in the budget of perturbation kinetic energy (PKE). The ice and liquid water path (IWP+LWP) is a fundamental parameter for estimating clouds, with the analyzed results suggesting that (1) the ice and liquid water path (IWP+LWP) and PKE values attained in convective regions were higher during the nighttime than during the daytime and that the maxima of IWP+LWP and PKE occurred at midnight in the lower troposphere in the 3D model run, and that (2) the IWP+LWP and PKE values in stratiform regions were much higher in the afternoon than in the morning, while the maxima of IWP+LWP and PKE occurred in the afternoon in the middle troposphere in the 2D model run. Further analysis demonstrated that both the high IWP+LWP and PKE values in the lower troposphere at midnight were mainly associated with the warm–humid lower troposphere in convective regions. However, those in the middle troposphere in the afternoon were primarily linked to the dry–cold upper troposphere and moist–warm lower troposphere in stratiform regions. The results further revealed that (1) both IWP+LWP and PKE exhibited shorter time scales in the 2D model runs than in the 3D model runs and that (2) the maximum IWP+LWP values occurred in the afternoon in the 2D model runs and at midnight in the 3D model runs.