Breast cancer is a common cause of female mortality in developing countries. Early detection and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes. Breast cancer develops from breast cells and is considered a leading cause of death in women. This disease is classified into two subtypes: invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have made it possible to develop more accurate and reliable models for diagnosing and treating this disease. From the literature, it is evident that the incorporation of MRI and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is helpful in breast cancer detection and prevention. In addition, the detection strategies have shown promise in identifying cancerous cells. The CNN Improvements for Breast Cancer Classification (CNNI-BCC) model helps doctors spot breast cancer using a trained deep learning neural network system to categorize breast cancer subtypes. However, they require significant computing power for imaging methods and preprocessing. Therefore, in this research, we proposed an efficient deep learning model that is capable of recognizing breast cancer in computerized mammograms of varying densities. Our research relied on three distinct modules for feature selection: the removal of low-variance features, univariate feature selection, and recursive feature elimination. The craniocaudally and medial-lateral views of mammograms are incorporated. We tested it with a large dataset of 3002 merged pictures gathered from 1501 individuals who had digital mammography performed between February 2007 and May 2015. In this paper, we applied six different categorization models for the diagnosis of breast cancer, including the random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), logistic regression (LR), support vector classifier (SVC), and linear support vector classifier (linear SVC). The simulation results prove that our proposed model is highly efficient, as it requires less computational power and is highly accurate.

The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies and the increasing demand for multi-functional systems have led to the emergence of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) as a key enabler for future 6G networks. Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have recently garnered significant attention for their ability to enhance signal coverage and improve system efficiency. This paper investigates a STAR-RIS-assisted ISAC system designed to secure communication for multiple legitimate users (LUs) while safeguarding against multiple eavesdroppers (Eves). By jointly optimizing the base station (BS) transmit beamforming, STAR-RIS transmission and reflection coefficients, and receive filters, the proposed framework aims to maximize the long-term average secrecy rate for all LUs. Constraints are imposed to ensure minimum echo signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for sensing and meet the achievable rate requirements of LUs. To address the inherent complexity of this non-convex problem, two deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms are proposed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves significant improvements in secrecy rate compared to conventional RIS setups. This work provides a scalable and efficient approach for secure multi-user ISAC systems, making it highly relevant for future 6G networks, smart cities, and IoT applications.

Glaucoma is one of the eye diseases stimulated by the fluid pressure that increases in the eyes, damaging the optic nerves and causing partial or complete vision loss. As Glaucoma appears in later stages and it is a slow disease, detailed screening and detection of the retinal images is required to avoid vision forfeiture. This study aims to detect glaucoma at early stages with the help of deep learning-based feature extraction. Retinal fundus images are utilized for the training and testing of our proposed model. In the first step, images are pre-processed, before the region of interest (ROI) is extracted employing segmentation. Then, features of the optic disc (OD) are extracted from the images containing optic cup (OC) utilizing the hybrid features descriptors, i.e., convolutional neural network (CNN), local binary patterns (LBP), histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and speeded up robust features (SURF). Moreover, low-level features are extracted using HOG, whereas texture features are extracted using the LBP and SURF descriptors. Furthermore, high-level features are computed using CNN. Additionally, we have employed a feature selection and ranking technique, i.e., the MR-MR method, to select the most representative features. In the end, multi-class classifiers, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN), are employed for the classification of fundus images as healthy or diseased. To assess the performance of the proposed system, various experiments have been performed using combinations of the aforementioned algorithms that show the proposed model based on the RF algorithm with HOG, CNN, LBP, and SURF feature descriptors, providing ≤99% accuracy on benchmark datasets and 98.8% on k-fold cross-validation for the early detection of glaucoma.

Online sales and purchases are increasing daily, and they generally involve credit card transactions. This not only provides convenience to the end-user but also increases the frequency of online credit card fraud. In the recent years, in some countries, this fraud increase has led to an exponential increase in credit card fraud detection, which has become increasingly important to address this security issue. Recent studies have proposed machine learning (ML)-based solutions for detecting fraudulent credit card transactions, but their detection scores still need improvement due to the imbalance of classes in any given dataset. Few approaches have achieved exceptional results on different datasets. In this study, the Kaggle dataset was used to develop a deep learning (DL)-based approach to solve the text data problem. A novel text2IMG conversion technique is proposed that generates small images. The images are fed into a CNN architecture with class weights using the inverse frequency method to resolve the class imbalance issue. DL and ML approaches were applied to verify the robustness and validity of the proposed system. An accuracy of 99.87% was achieved by Coarse-KNN using deep features of the proposed CNN.

The application of cloud computing has increased tremendously in both public and private organizations. However, attacks on cloud computing pose a serious threat to confidentiality and data integrity. Therefore, there is a need for a proper mechanism for detecting cloud intrusions. In this paper, we have proposed a cloud intrusion detection system (IDS) that is focused on boosting the classification accuracy by improving feature selection and weighing the ensemble model with the crow search algorithm (CSA). The feature selection is handled by combining both filter and automated models to obtain improved feature sets. The ensemble classifier is made up of machine and deep learning models such as long short-term memory (LSTM), support vector machine (SVM), XGBoost, and a fast learning network (FLN). The proposed ensemble model’s weights are generated with the CSA to obtain better prediction results. Experiments are executed on the NSL-KDD, Kyoto, and CSE-CIC-IDS-2018 datasets. The simulation shows that the suggested system attained more satisfactory results in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, and F-measure than conventional approaches. The detection rate and false alarm rate (FAR) of different attack types was more efficient for each dataset. The classifiers’ performances were also compared individually to the ensemble model in terms of the false positive rate (FPR) and false negative rate (FNR) to demonstrate the ensemble model’s robustness.

Federated learning (FL) introduces new perspectives in machine learning (ML) by enabling model training across decentralized devices. The research on data security and privacy in federated learning (FL) gaining popularity nowadays. However, FL has several challenges for instance, dealing with unseen classes, learning heterogeneous, non-independent, and identically distributed (non-IID) data distributions across the distributed devices, and most important model generalization without compromising privacy. Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) and synthetic data are used traditionally to address these challenges. However, model generalization, privacy preservation with diverse and non-IID data distribution, and handling unknown classes remain unsolved. Thus, to solve these challenges, herein we propose an advanced framework named Advanced Zero-Shot Learning (AZSL). The proposed framework is based on the ZSL concept and creates synthetic data sources efficiently. The proposed AZSL utilizes the Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP) for generating synthetic data and an EfficientNet-B7 as the global model. The proposed framework contributes to privacy preservation since data is stored locally on the devices while only sharing the model’s parameters. The objective of the proposed model is to increase model generalizability while achieving better performance on various and heterogeneous datasets while preserving data privacy. We have used datasets named MNIST, CIFAR-10, and FEMNIST to measure the model’s accuracy, precision, and generalization capability. The experimental results show that the proposed AZSL improves the results in terms of performance and accuracy. The deployment of WGAN-GP for synthetic data generation and EfficientNet-B7 for model training led to 4.8% to 7.4%. The proposed framework improved the ability to generalize to unseen classes, with a generalization gap reduction of up to 13.3% on CIFAR-10, and provided promising performance in handling non-IID data distribution. The proposed AZSL successfully resolved some central issues of FL, such as data privacy, generalization capability, and non-IID data. Incorporating AZSL and synthetic data generation also improved the model’s flexibility and effectiveness across the different datasets. The results show that the proposed framework can be helpful in practice across various domains that demand high data privacy.