This study investigated the role of Carbon disclosure on firm performance while considering the moderating role of management environmental training as it enhances the mechanisms of governance and monitoring practices. The data was collected from eleven European countries and listed in the Reuters Eikon database from 2016 to 2021. The Hausman test is used to test the usage of the panel method (panel data) with fixed and random effects. The results are the following: The management’s environmental training played a moderating role in carbon emission disclosure, resulting in better firm performance. This means that management environmental training would play a vital role in addressing such disclosure issues and being prepared to formulate better measurements to tackle their effects. Our study is one of the few that analyzes how the moderating role of management environmental training in carbon emission disclosure results in better firm performance.

The Palestinian National Referral System for Abused Women, issued in 2022, was created to assist individuals affected by family-based violence by providing them with protection and offering standardized procedures for addressing the needs of women and children affected by violence and abuse. The current study was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of a sample of Palestinian adults related to the Palestinian Referral System for victims of family-based violence, as well as to examine the social and demographic factors that may affect an individual’s opinion of the system. The study sample included 608 adult respondents living in the West Bank of Palestine. The data concluded that a vast majority of the sample (78%) had a positive opinion of the response system and felt that it was effective, comprehensive, and aligned with the Palestinian community's cultural and religious core values. The data demonstrated that the most robust factor was gender, with female respondents indicating higher levels of satisfaction with the system than males. Education level was significant, with more highly educated individuals expressing higher positive attitudes about the system than less educated participants. Further research needs to focus on public opinion related to systems of addressing family-based violence, which distinguishes between unpopular legal solutions and practical service provision options that are more generally supported by the Palestinian population. Increasing Islamic and male-focused programming that identifies domestic violence as oppression and outside of cultural norms related to the protection of vulnerable people is another recommendation that stems from the data that demonstrated significant differences between male and female respondents in their support of the current response system for domestic violence.

The presence of women as workers in workplaces has become an important and essential requirement for increasing the development of countries and a feature that characterizes modern societies. However, the diminishing of her rights and the discrimination directed against her sometimes prompted the local and international community to impose legal texts in the field of work aimed at equality between the sexes, and to provide special protection for women in terms of times and quality of work, taking into account women’s privacy, by prohibiting their employment in some jobs and granting them special leaves and preventing their dismissal during pregnancy leave. And despite the intensive efforts to guarantee women's rights, the practical reality indicates that women's rights have not been adequately protected, as some countries still suffer from weak implementation of local legislation and international standards related to women's work and the protection of their labor rights, including Palestine. Palestinian labor law in force is still in need of development in order to meet international standards, and this matter constitutes an important element of this study. This study aimed to demonstrate the compatibility of the Palestinian Labor Law with international labor standards regarding the legal protection of working women, by presenting the legal texts in the Palestinian Labor Law, in addition to showing the most important agreements issued by the International Labor Organization with regard to the protection of women in work establishments. The study also aimed to show the extent to which the law deals with sufficient guarantees to protect working women from any discrimination practiced against them, and to interrogate whether the legal provisions contained in the law sufficient to achieve effective protection for working women? The study also concluded that the current labor law dealt with some legal provisions to protect working women, but this protection still needs legislative strengthening to achieve better protection for women and to integrate them more strongly into the labor market. It is also important to work on developing the labor law in order to conform to international labor standards, and there is a need to strengthen the role of the labor inspectorate in monitoring establishments. أصبح وجود المرأة كعاملة في منشآت العمل متطلب هام وأساسي لزيادة التطور والتنمية للدول وسمة تتصف بها المجتمعات الحديثة، إلا أن الانتقاص من حقوقها والتمييز الموجه ضدها أحيانا دفع المجتمع المحلي والدولي لفرض نصوص قانونية في ميدان العمل هدفها المساواة بين الجنسين، وإفراد حماية خاصة للمرأة من حيث أوقات ونوعية العمل مراعاة لخصوصية المرأة، من خلال حظر تشغيلها في بعض الأعمال ومنحها إجازات خاصة ومنع فصلها أثناء إجازة الحمل والولادة، وبالرغم من الجهود المكثفة لضمان حقوق المرأة إلا أن الواقع العملي يشير إلى أن حقوق المرأة لم تحظ بالحماية الكافية، حيث لا تزال بعض الدول تعاني من ضعف التطبيق الفعلي للتشريعات المحلية...

This study examines large language models in high-stakes Arabic-to-English legal translation through an evaluation of ChatGPT 5.2 and DeepSeek-V3. Focusing on Palestinian criminal judgments, the research tests how models translate specialized terminology. From a 120,000-word corpus, 100 recurrent terms were extracted based on their doctrinal significance and procedural function. Context was operationalized by providing the models with the complete authentic sentence in which each target term was originally embedded, rather than isolated vocabulary lists. Both models translated the identical dataset under a zero-shot, single-output protocol. Two accredited translators evaluated the semantic fidelity and institutional validity of the translated terms using a three-point accuracy scale. This quantitative scoring was directly combined with qualitative error coding to categorize the specific types of legal translation failures, such as conceptual distortion or literalism. Inter-rater reliability was established via Cohen’s Kappa, and differences were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank testing. Results indicate statistically significant performance differences. ChatGPT 5.2 achieved higher overall accuracy without critical errors, while DeepSeek generated notably more conceptually distorted outputs. The findings demonstrate that when legal terms are processed within complete sentences, the models display distinct operational vulnerabilities – such as algorithmic paraphrasing or structural literalism – and that model performance differs considerably across systems.