The market demand for marine-based cosmetics has shown a tremendous growth rate in the last decade. Marine resources represent a promising source of novel bioactive compounds for new cosmetic ingredient development. However, concern about sustainability also becomes an issue that should be considered in developing cosmetic ingredients. The fisheries industry (e.g., fishing, farming, and processing) generates large amounts of leftovers containing valuable substances, which are potent sources of cosmeceutical ingredients. Several bioactive substances could be extracted from the marine by-product that can be utilized as a potent ingredient to develop cosmetics products. Those bioactive substances (e.g., collagen from fish waste and chitin from crustacean waste) could be utilized as anti-photoaging, anti-wrinkle, skin barrier, and hair care products. From this perspective, this review aims to approach the potential active ingredients derived from marine by-products for cosmetics and discuss the possible activity of those active ingredients in promoting human beauty. In addition, this review also covers the prospect and challenge of using marine by-products toward the emerging concept of sustainable blue cosmetics.

Penelitian penggunaan tepung rumput laut Eucheuma cottoni pada pembuatan beras analog dari tepung modified cassava flour (mocaf) menggunakan teknologi granulasi telah dilakukan. Tepung rumput laut yang ditambahkan pada pembuatan beras analog adalah 0, 3, 5, dan 7% dari berat tepung mocaf. Beras analog yang dihasilkan diamati karakteristik mutunya yang meliputi rendemen, sensori, densitas kamba, derajat putih, komposisi proksimat, serat pangan, dan iodium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tepung rumput laut tidak berpengaruh terhadap densitas kamba dan komposisi proksimat beras analog tetapi berpengaruh pada derajat putih, rendemen, serat pangan, dan iodium. Berdasarkan uji kesukaan (hedonik), beras analog yang dibuat dari tepung mocaf dengan tepung rumput laut sebesar 5% lebih disukai panelis dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lain. Karakteristik beras analog yang dihasilkan memiliki rendemen 99%, densitas kamba 0,57 g/ml, derajat putih 17,70%, kadar air 8,76%, kadar abu 1,96%, kadar protein 0,86%, lemak 0,15%, serat pangan 49,76%, dan iodium 24,98 µg/g. Beras analog berbentuk silinder berukuran panjang 3–5 mm dan belum menyerupai bentuk beras.

Thermoplastic agar/chitosan blend was prepared by a rheomix process, and the effect of concentration agar: chitosan on the material properties forms were investigated. This research aimed to observe the physical properties of bioplastic agar/chitosan produced through rheomix. Bioplastic was produced by mixing 65 % solid material (agar: chitosan) and 35% glycerol, the ration through the melting process at an initial temperature of 100°C. The weight ratio of agar : chitosan was 65% : 0% (F0/control), 52% : 13% (F1), 39 % : 26% (F2), 26 %: 39% (F3). The tensile strength and elongation of bioplastic were decrees with a higher chitosan concentration. The color and the opacity of bioplastic were affected by the ratio of agar: chitosan. The moisture content and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of bioplastic were increased by increasing the chitosan ratio. The SEM micrograph of bioplastic showed that the blend agar and chitosan seem to have a rough and inhomogeneous surface than pure bioplastic agar. The best blend was bioplastic with agar: chitosan 52%: 13% (F1), which have properties of : tensile strength 4.95 ± 0.56 MPa, elongation at break 34.94 ± 0.99 %, moisture content 15.33 ± 0.43%, WVTR 3259.39 ± 28.12 g/m2.24 h.

Waste disposal problems have attracted scientists around the world to explore the use of renewable resources to produce biodegradable films and coatings. Indonesia has diverse renewable resources of biopolymers that originated from seaweeds such as carrageenan, agar, and alginate. Carrageenan is considered as a potential biopolymer for edible film manufacture due to its characteristic range. This study aimed to develop carrageenan-based edible film using alginate and polyethylene glycol as plasticizers. Edible film made from k-carrageenan with the addition of alginate and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizers was tested for its mechanical properties, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water solubility. Blending k-carrageenan with alginate (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% w/v) increased tensile strength, thickness, and water solubility, but reduced elongation at break, WVTR, and moisture content. The addition of PEG (1%, 2%, and 3% w/v) reduced tensile strength and water solubility, but increased elongation at break, thickness, and moisture content. This study recommended that the best carrageenan-based edible film was obtained from a formula using 1% alginate (w/v) and 1% PEG (w/v).

Alkali treated cottonii (ATC) is a derivative product of Eucheuma cottoniithat is treated with alkali. This study used raw material of sap-free seaweed for ATC processing. Sap-free seaweed is a seaweed which thallus has been extracted with liquid known as sap. The use of sap-free seaweed as an ATC product is constrained by its low quality, so an effort to improve its quality is needed. Therefore the obejcetive of this Research was to get the optimal conditions of ATC processing. Experimental data were designed and analyzed using Response Surface MethodologyCentral Composite Design (RSM-CCD) using Design Expert 10.0.7® program. The optimization of ATC processing involved three components that were considered influential, namely KOH concentration, temperature, and processing time. Recommendation for optimal conditions issued by RSM-CCD on ATC processing from sap-free seawee d were 6 % KOH concentration at 75 oC for 120 minutes (93.1% desirability). The results of the response analysis showed a yield of 39.47% and a gel strength of 595.32 g/cm2. As a research control, the recommendation of RSMCCD used in ATC processing from nonsap-free seaweed was obtained yield of 36.81% and gel strength of 574.44 g/cm 2. ATC from sap-free seaweed has higher yield and gel strength than that from nonsap-free seaweed. Thismight be due to the sap-free seaweed was obtained using the proper sap extraction process and ATC processingunder optimal conditions, so that the quality of seaweed was better maintained.

The pipette method is a conventional method commonly used for determining the viscosity of gelatin. The purpose of this research was to study the use of a rotational viscometer to measure the viscosity of fish gelatin. The rotational viscometer has a wide measuring range and a limitation on low viscosity liquid measurements such as fish gelatin, so it is necessary to verify the sensitivity of the rotational viscometer to measure the viscosity of fish gelatin. In this study, low range manual rotational viscometer (MLV), low range digital rotational viscometer (DLV), low range digital rotational viscometer with low viscosity adapter (DLV + UL) were tested for their sensitivity to read standard solutions of 4.8 cP and 48.8 cP. The results showed that DLV + UL generated a high accuracy in reading 4.8 cP and 48.8 cP standard solutions with the recovery value of 102.5% and 99.5%, respectively. Measurement of the viscosity of commercial fish gelatin seven times obtained a coefficient of variance of 2.98% indicating a high degree of precision, with a recovery value of 103.54% of the value of the secondary reference material analysis certificate. The number of samples required for DLV + UL is 16 mL, while the conventional method required a sample of 100 mL. We proposed using DLV + UL for testing the viscosity of fish gelatin.