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Gavin R McCormack
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021
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The COVID-19 pandemic changed daily routines, including physical activity, which could influence physical and mental health. In our study, we describe physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns in relation to the pandemic and estimate associations between anxiety and physical activity and sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling adults. Cross-sectional study. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Between April and June 2020, a random sample of 1124 adults (≥18 years) completed an online questionnaire. The online questionnaire captured current walking, moderate intensity, vigorous intensity and total physical activity and sedentary behaviour (ie, sitting and leisure-based screen time), perceived relative changes in physical activity, sedentary and social behaviours since the pandemic, perceived seriousness and anxiety related to COVID-19, and sociodemographic characteristics. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics, perceived relative change in behaviour and current physical activity and sedentary behaviour were compared between adults with low and high anxiety. Our sample (n=1047) included more females (60.3%) and fewer older adults (19.2%). Most participants (88.4%) considered COVID-19 as extremely or very serious and one-third (32.9%) felt extremely or very anxious. We found no differences (p>0.05) in current physical activity or sedentary behaviour by anxiety level. The largest perceived change in behaviours included social distancing, driving motor vehicles, use of screen-based devices, watching television and interactions with neighbours. We found anxiety-related differences (p<0.05) in perceived changes in various behaviours. Changes in physical activity, sedentary behaviour and social behaviour occurred soon after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, and some of these changes differed among those with low and high anxiety.

ACS Style

Gavin R McCormack; Patricia K Doyle-Baker; Jennie A Petersen; Dalia Ghoneim. Perceived anxiety and physical activity behaviour changes during the early stages of COVID-19 restrictions in community-dwelling adults in Canada: a cross-sectional study. 2021, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Gavin R McCormack, Patricia K Doyle-Baker, Jennie A Petersen, Dalia Ghoneim. Perceived anxiety and physical activity behaviour changes during the early stages of COVID-19 restrictions in community-dwelling adults in Canada: a cross-sectional study. . 2021; 11 (8):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin R McCormack; Patricia K Doyle-Baker; Jennie A Petersen; Dalia Ghoneim. 2021. "Perceived anxiety and physical activity behaviour changes during the early stages of COVID-19 restrictions in community-dwelling adults in Canada: a cross-sectional study." 11, no. 8: 1.

Case report
Published: 30 July 2021 in Cities
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In this interdisciplinary article, we provided an evidence-based discussion on the role of the supportive built environment on cancer prevention. We also extended the theoretical thinking on the built environment-cancer links by raising possible equality challenges. Following the recent call in population-level interventions in cancer prevention, our aim is to encourage readers to think about the important potentials and limitations that are raised from the point of view of the supportive built environments in relation to cancer prevention. We focus on the key links between the built environment and cancer prevention strategies (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and discuss ways in which the built environment may reflect and contribute to inequalities in cancer.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. Built environment design and cancer prevention through the lens of inequality. Cities 2021, 103385 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Tomoki Nakaya, Gavin R. McCormack, Koichiro Oka. Built environment design and cancer prevention through the lens of inequality. Cities. 2021; ():103385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. 2021. "Built environment design and cancer prevention through the lens of inequality." Cities , no. : 103385.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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A rapidly growing body of literature has explored associations between urban design attributes, which are conducive to walking, and social capital. The current study aimed to build on the limitations of previous research. Specifically, this study estimated the associations between traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital among a sample of adults in Japan. Data (n = 1010) from a randomly selected cross-section of residents (40–69 years old) from two areas in Japan were included. Social capital was assessed by questionnaires. Several objective and perceived walkable built environment attributes were calculated. Covariate-adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate associations between neighborhood built attributes and the three social capital scores. Street connectivity was negatively associated with activities with neighbors (b = -0.21, 95% CI -0.31, -0.11). Perceived population density was negatively associated with all three social capital scores, including social cohesion, activities with neighbors, and social participation (b = -0.21, 95% CI -0.30, -0.11, b = -0.15, 95% CI -0.24, -0.06, and b = -0.16, 95% CI -0.29, -0.02, respectively). Traditional walkability and Walk Score® were negatively associated with activities with neighbors (b = -0.04, 95% CI -0.07, -0.00 and b = -0.09, 95% CI -0.15, -0.04, respectively). No significant associations were observed between perceived walkability and social capital scores. Space syntax walkability was negatively associated with social cohesion and activities with neighbors (b = -0.12, 95% CI -0.23, -0.01 and b = -0.11, 95% CI -0.21, -0.01, respectively). This study provided unique findings demonstrating that walkable built environments may not necessarily support social capital in ultrahigh-density Asian cities.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoya Hanibuchi; Koichiro Oka. Traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital. Landscape and Urban Planning 2021, 214, 104184 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Tomoki Nakaya, Gavin R. McCormack, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Koichiro Oka. Traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021; 214 ():104184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoya Hanibuchi; Koichiro Oka. 2021. "Traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital." Landscape and Urban Planning 214, no. : 104184.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Preventive Medicine
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Evidence of associations between neighbourhood built characteristics and sedentary behaviours is mixed. The study aim was to investigate the associations between objectively-derived neighbourhood built characteristics and self-reported sedentary behaviours among Canadian men and women. This study sourced survey data from Alberta's Tomorrow Project (2008; n = 14,785), in which sitting and motor vehicle travel times during the last 7 days was measured. Geographic Information System was used to calculate neighbourhood built characteristics within a 400 m buffer of participant's home and a walkability score was estimated. To estimate the associations between neighbourhood characteristics and sedentary behaviours, covariate-adjusted generalized linear regression models were used. Walkability, 3-way intersections, and population count were positively associated with sitting time. Business destinations and greenness were negatively associated with sitting time. Walkability, 3-way, and 4-way intersections were negatively associated with motor vehicle travel time. Sex-specific associations between neighbourhood characteristics and sedentary behaviour were found. Among men, business destinations were negatively associated with sitting time, and 3-way intersections, population count, and walkability were negatively associated with motor vehicle travel time. Among women, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was negatively associated with sitting time. Interventions to reduce sedentary behaviours may need to target neighbourhoods that have built characteristics which might support these behaviours. More research is needed to disentangle the complex relationships between different neighbourhood built characteristics and specific types of sedentary behaviour.

ACS Style

Vikram Nichani; Liam Turley; Jennifer E. Vena; Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between neighbourhood built characteristics and sedentary behaviours among Canadian men and women: findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project. Preventive Medicine 2021, 150, 106663 .

AMA Style

Vikram Nichani, Liam Turley, Jennifer E. Vena, Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between neighbourhood built characteristics and sedentary behaviours among Canadian men and women: findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project. Preventive Medicine. 2021; 150 ():106663.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vikram Nichani; Liam Turley; Jennifer E. Vena; Gavin R. McCormack. 2021. "Associations between neighbourhood built characteristics and sedentary behaviours among Canadian men and women: findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project." Preventive Medicine 150, no. : 106663.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Preventive Medicine Reports
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Walk Score® is a free web-based tool that provides a walkability score for any given location. A limited number of North American studies have found associations between Walk Score® and perceived built environment attributes, yet it remains unknown whether similar associations exist in Asian countries. The study’s objective is to examine the covariate-adjusted correlations between the Walk Score® metric and measures of the perceived built environment in ultrahigh density areas of Japan. Cross-sectional data were obtained from a randomly selected sample of adult residents living in two Japanese urban localities. There was a large correlation between Walk Score® and access to shops (0.58; p < 0.001). There were medium correlations between Walk Score® and population density (0.38; p < 0.001), access to public transport (0.34; p < 0.001), presence of sidewalks (0.41; p < 0.001), and access to recreational facilities (0.37; p < 0.001), and there was a small correlation between Walk Score® and presence of bike lanes (0.16; p < 0.001). There was a small negative correlation between Walk Score® and traffic safety (-0.13; p < 0.001). There was a medium correlation between Walk Score® and overall perceived walkability (0.48; p < 0.001). This study's findings highlight that Walk Score® was correlated with several perceived walkable environment attributes in the context of ultrahigh density areas in Asia.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoki Nakaya; Koichiro Oka. The relationship between walk score® and perceived walkability in ultrahigh density areas. Preventive Medicine Reports 2021, 23, 101393 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Gavin R. McCormack, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoki Nakaya, Koichiro Oka. The relationship between walk score® and perceived walkability in ultrahigh density areas. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2021; 23 ():101393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoki Nakaya; Koichiro Oka. 2021. "The relationship between walk score® and perceived walkability in ultrahigh density areas." Preventive Medicine Reports 23, no. : 101393.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Public health measures introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the physical activity, health, and well-being of millions of people. This grounded theory study explored how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected physical activity and perceptions of health among adults in a Canadian city (Calgary). Twelve adults (50% females; 20–70 years) were interviewed between June and October (2020) via telephone or videoconferencing. Using a maximum variation strategy, participants with a range of sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity levels, and perceptions of seriousness and anxiety related to COVID-19 were selected. Semi-structured interviews captured participant perceptions of how their physical activity and perceptions of health changed during the pandemic. Using thematic analysis, four themes were identified: (1) Disruption to Daily Routines, (2) Changes in Physical Activity, (3) Balancing Health, and (4) Family Life. Participants experienced different degrees of disruption in their daily routines and physical activity based on their individual circumstances (e.g., pre-pandemic physical activity, family life, and access to resources). Although participants faced challenges in modifying their daily routines and physical activity, many adapted. Some participants reported enhanced feelings of well-being. Public health strategies that encourage physical activity and promote health should be supported as they are needed during pandemics, such as COVID-19.

ACS Style

Jennie Petersen; Calli Naish; Dalia Ghoneim; Jason Cabaj; Patricia Doyle-Baker; Gavin McCormack. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4441 .

AMA Style

Jennie Petersen, Calli Naish, Dalia Ghoneim, Jason Cabaj, Patricia Doyle-Baker, Gavin McCormack. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennie Petersen; Calli Naish; Dalia Ghoneim; Jason Cabaj; Patricia Doyle-Baker; Gavin McCormack. 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4441.

Review
Published: 15 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Urban form can have an impact on health outcomes in children, and the synthesis of findings can identify gaps in the literature and regional reviews may help guide policymakers. This study aims to complete a scoping review of the research relating urban form to health outcomes in children and adolescents from urban Canadian settings. Thirteen online databases were searched to identify studies that had objective measures of urban form and health outcomes. Two research assistants independently reviewed 27,444 titles and abstracts, and 176 full-text articles, returning 32 unique studies with youth-specific data. The majority of the included studies were cross-sectional or ecological (n = 26). Six studies used Canada-wide data and the rest were from Ontario (n = 11), Alberta (n = 6), and Quebec (n = 6). Urban form characteristics included neighbourhood food environment (n = 11), parks/natural space/greenness (n = 10), road or intersection characteristics (n = 7), and aggregated urban form measures (n = 7). Studies examined a variety of health outcomes: the majority considered weight status (n = 16) and injury (n = 10). Although there is over-reliance on mainly cross-sectional study designs, there is evidence suggesting that urban form is associated with health outcomes in Canadian youth, with parks/greenspace, road connectivity, and road characteristics most consistently associated with health outcomes in youth.

ACS Style

Tona Pitt; Janet Aucoin; Tate HubkaRao; Suzanne Goopy; Jason Cabaj; Brent Hagel; Gavin McCormack. The Relationship of Urban Form on Children and Adolescent Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Canadian Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4180 .

AMA Style

Tona Pitt, Janet Aucoin, Tate HubkaRao, Suzanne Goopy, Jason Cabaj, Brent Hagel, Gavin McCormack. The Relationship of Urban Form on Children and Adolescent Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Canadian Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):4180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tona Pitt; Janet Aucoin; Tate HubkaRao; Suzanne Goopy; Jason Cabaj; Brent Hagel; Gavin McCormack. 2021. "The Relationship of Urban Form on Children and Adolescent Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Canadian Evidence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4180.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
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Background Sedentary behaviors and physical activity are likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, and sedentary lifestyles can increase subjective fatigue. The nonpharmaceutical policies imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may also have adverse effects on fatigue. Objective This study has two aims: to examine the changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity of company workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and to examine relationships between changes in these sedentary behaviors and physical activity and changes in fatigue. Methods Data from a nationwide prospective online survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 were used. On February 22, 2019, an email with a link to participate in the study was sent to 45,659 workers, aged 20 to 59 years, who were randomly selected from a database of approximately 1 million individuals. A total of 2466 and 1318 participants, who self-reported their occupation as company workers, answered the baseline and follow-up surveys, respectively. Surveys captured fatigue, workday and daily domain-specific sedentary behaviors and physical activity, and total sedentary behaviors and physical activity. We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate associations of changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity with changes in fatigue. Results Increases in public transportation sitting during workdays, other leisure sitting time during workdays, and other leisure sitting time were associated with an increase in the motivation aspect of fatigue (b=0.29, 95% CI 0-0.57, P=.048; b=0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.62, P<.001; and b=0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.45, P=.007, respectively). Increases in work-related sitting time during workdays, total sitting time during workdays, and total work-related sitting time were significantly associated with an increase in the physical activity aspect of fatigue (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.12, P=.03; b=0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.09, P=.02; and b=0.07, 95% CI 0-0.14, P=.04, respectively). The motivation and physical activity aspects of fatigue increased by 0.06 for each 1-hour increase in total sitting time between baseline and follow-up (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.11, P=.045; and b=0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, P=.009, respectively). Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that sedentary and active behaviors among company workers in Japan were negatively affected during the COVID-19 outbreak. Increases in several domain-specific sedentary behaviors also contributed to unfavorable changes in workers’ fatigue. Social distancing and teleworking amid a pandemic may contribute to the sedentary lifestyle of company workers. Public health interventions are needed to mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics on sedentary and physical activity behaviors and fatigue among company workers.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Koichiro Oka. Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2021, 7, e26293 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Tomoki Nakaya, Gavin R McCormack, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Koichiro Oka. Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2021; 7 (3):e26293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Koichiro Oka. 2021. "Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 3: e26293.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Preventive Medicine Reports
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Sleep duration is a risk factor for poor health and all-cause mortality. Evidence suggests that neighbourhood characteristics such as built environment and socioeconomic status (SES) may affect sleep duration in adults. This study examined the relationship between neighbourhood built environment (i.e., measured via the street pattern) and SES with sleep duration in adults (n = 797) from 12 neighbourhoods in Calgary (Canada). Covariate adjusted linear and multinomial logistic regression models estimated the associations between street pattern (grid, warped-grid, curvilinear), SES and sleep duration. We also tested if the interaction between street pattern and SES was associated with sleep duration. Although neighbourhood street pattern and neighbourhood SES were not independently associated with sleep, the interaction between street pattern and neighbourhood SES, was associated with mean sleep duration. Individuals living in curvilinear low SES neighbourhoods had the shortest sleep duration (6.93 h per day; 95% CI 6.68, 7.18), while those living in curvilinear high SES neighbourhoods slept the longest (7.43 h per day; 95% CI 7.29, 7.57). Neighbourhood street pattern and SES, as well as their interaction, were not associated with the odds of sleeping shorter or longer than 7 to 8 h per day. Our findings suggest that the combined effect of the neighbourhood built environment and SES is potentially important for influencing sleep duration. More research is needed to understand the complex interrelationships between the built environment, SES, and sleep.

ACS Style

R. Lukic; D.L. Olstad; P.K. Doyle-Baker; M.L. Potestio; G.R. McCormack. Associations between neighbourhood street pattern, neighbourhood socioeconomic status and sleep in adults. Preventive Medicine Reports 2021, 22, 101345 .

AMA Style

R. Lukic, D.L. Olstad, P.K. Doyle-Baker, M.L. Potestio, G.R. McCormack. Associations between neighbourhood street pattern, neighbourhood socioeconomic status and sleep in adults. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2021; 22 ():101345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Lukic; D.L. Olstad; P.K. Doyle-Baker; M.L. Potestio; G.R. McCormack. 2021. "Associations between neighbourhood street pattern, neighbourhood socioeconomic status and sleep in adults." Preventive Medicine Reports 22, no. : 101345.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Realtors match home-seekers with neighborhoods that have built and social characteristics they desire to pursue active lifestyles. Studies have yet to explore realtors’ perspectives on neighborhood design that supports active living. Using qualitative description, our study was to explore the perceptions and understandings of neighborhood design (walkability, healthy, bike-ability, vibrancy, and livability) among urban residential realtors. Nineteen (6 men; 13 women; average age 48 years) self-identified residential realtors from Calgary, Edmonton, and Lethbridge (Canada) completed semi-structured telephone interviews. Content analysis identified themes from the interview data. Specifically, walkability was described as: perceived preferences, destinations and amenities, and connections; a healthy community was described as: encourages outdoor activities, and promotes social homogeneity; bike-ability was described as: bike-ability attributes, and was controversial; vibrancy was described as: community feel, and evidence of life; and livability was described as: subjective, and preferences and necessities. Our findings can inform the refinement of universal definitions and concepts used to in neighborhood urban design.

ACS Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Autumn Nesdoly; Dalia Ghoneim; Tara-Leigh McHugh. Realtors’ Perceptions of Social and Physical Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Active Living: A Canadian Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9150 .

AMA Style

Gavin R. McCormack, Autumn Nesdoly, Dalia Ghoneim, Tara-Leigh McHugh. Realtors’ Perceptions of Social and Physical Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Active Living: A Canadian Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (23):9150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Autumn Nesdoly; Dalia Ghoneim; Tara-Leigh McHugh. 2020. "Realtors’ Perceptions of Social and Physical Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Active Living: A Canadian Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 9150.

Preprint content
Published: 05 December 2020
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BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviors and physical activity are likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, and sedentary lifestyles can increase subjective fatigue. The nonpharmaceutical policies imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may also have adverse effects on fatigue. OBJECTIVE This study has two aims: to examine the changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity of company workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and to examine relationships between changes in these sedentary behaviors and physical activity and changes in fatigue. METHODS Data from a nationwide prospective online survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 were used. On February 22, 2019, an email with a link to participate in the study was sent to 45,659 workers, aged 20 to 59 years, who were randomly selected from a database of approximately 1 million individuals. A total of 2466 and 1318 participants, who self-reported their occupation as company workers, answered the baseline and follow-up surveys, respectively. Surveys captured fatigue, workday and daily domain-specific sedentary behaviors and physical activity, and total sedentary behaviors and physical activity. We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate associations of changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity with changes in fatigue. RESULTS Increases in public transportation sitting during workdays, other leisure sitting time during workdays, and other leisure sitting time were associated with an increase in the motivation aspect of fatigue (b=0.29, 95% CI 0-0.57, P=.048; b=0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.62, P<.001; and b=0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.45, P=.007, respectively). Increases in work-related sitting time during workdays, total sitting time during workdays, and total work-related sitting time were significantly associated with an increase in the physical activity aspect of fatigue (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.12, P=.03; b=0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.09, P=.02; and b=0.07, 95% CI 0-0.14, P=.04, respectively). The motivation and physical activity aspects of fatigue increased by 0.06 for each 1-hour increase in total sitting time between baseline and follow-up (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.11, P=.045; and b=0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, P=.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that sedentary and active behaviors among company workers in Japan were negatively affected during the COVID-19 outbreak. Increases in several domain-specific sedentary behaviors also contributed to unfavorable changes in workers’ fatigue. Social distancing and teleworking amid a pandemic may contribute to the sedentary lifestyle of company workers. Public health interventions are needed to mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics on sedentary and physical activity behaviors and fatigue among company workers.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Koichiro Oka. Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Tomoki Nakaya, Gavin R McCormack, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Koichiro Oka. Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Koichiro Oka. 2020. "Changes in Workers’ Sedentary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Relationships With Fatigue: Longitudinal Online Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 03 December 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the built environment is associated with physical activity. The extent to which the built environment may support adherence to physical activity interventions is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the neighbourhood built environment constrains or facilitates adherence and steps taken during a 12-week internet-delivered pedometer-based physical activity intervention (UWALK). Method The study was undertaken in Calgary (Canada) between May 2016 and August 2017. Inactive adults (n = 573) completed a telephone survey measuring sociodemographic characteristics and perceived neighbourhood walkability. Following the survey, participants were mailed a pedometer and instructions for joining UWALK. Participants were asked to report their daily pedometer steps into the online program on a weekly basis for 12 weeks (84 days). Walk Score® estimated objective neighbourhood walkability and the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale–Abbreviated (NEWS-A) measured participants self-reported neighbourhood walkability. Regression models estimated covariate-adjusted associations of objective and self-reported walkability with: 1) adherence to the UWALK intervention (count of days with steps reported and count of days with 10000 steps reported), and; 2) average daily pedometer steps. Results On average, participants undertook 8565 (SD = 3030) steps per day, reported steps on 67 (SD = 22.3) of the 84 days, and achieved ≥10000 steps on 22 (SD = 20.5) of the 84 days. Adjusting for covariates, a one-unit increase in self-reported walkability was associated on average with 45.76 (95CI 14.91, 76.61) more daily pedometer steps. Walk Score® was not significantly associated with steps. Neither objective nor self-reported walkability were significantly associated with the UWALK adherence outcomes. Conclusion The neighbourhood built environment may support pedometer-measured physical activity but may not influence adherence to pedometer interventions. Perceived walkability may be more important than objectively-measured walkability in supporting physical activity during pedometer interventions.

ACS Style

Anna Consoli; Alberto Nettel-Aguirre; John C. Spence; Tara-Leigh McHugh; Kerry Mummery; Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between objectively-measured and self-reported neighbourhood walkability on adherence and steps during an internet-delivered pedometer intervention. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0242999 .

AMA Style

Anna Consoli, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre, John C. Spence, Tara-Leigh McHugh, Kerry Mummery, Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between objectively-measured and self-reported neighbourhood walkability on adherence and steps during an internet-delivered pedometer intervention. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (12):e0242999.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Consoli; Alberto Nettel-Aguirre; John C. Spence; Tara-Leigh McHugh; Kerry Mummery; Gavin R. McCormack. 2020. "Associations between objectively-measured and self-reported neighbourhood walkability on adherence and steps during an internet-delivered pedometer intervention." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12: e0242999.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2020 in Health & Place
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Few studies examine associations between objectively-calculated neighbourhood built environment attributes and objectively-assessed sedentary behaviour in different geographical locations, especially in highly-populated environments. Additionally, no study, to our knowledge, has investigated associations between objective measures of neighbourhood built environment attributes and objectively-assessed sedentary behaviours in middle-aged adults, despite the fact that this is a critical stage of life when age-related functional decline begins. We examined the associations between neighbourhood built environment attributes with the total, and patterns of, objectively-assessed sedentary behaviours in a densely-populated area in Asia. Data from 866 adults (ages 40 to 64) living in Japan were included. Four classifications of sedentary behaviours, including daily total sedentary time, duration and number of long (≥30 min) sedentary bouts and breaks per sedentary hour, were estimated using hip-worn accelerometers. Individual (population density, availability of destinations, number of intersections, and distance to the nearest park) and composite (walkability and Walk Score®) neighbourhood built environment indices were calculated using geographic information systems. Covariate-adjusted multilevel linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the associations between the neighbourhood built environment attributes and sedentary behaviours. Population density and availability of destinations were positively associated with sedentary behaviours; however, the number of intersections was negatively associated with sedentary behaviours. No associations were observed between the distance to the nearest park and sedentary behaviours. There were positive associations between walkability and total sedentary time, and duration and the number of long sedentary bouts. Walk Score® was positively associated with total sedentary time and the number of long sedentary bouts. These findings suggest that urban design attributes supportive of walking (except for the number of intersections) may encourage sedentary behaviour among middle-aged adults living in densely-populated environments.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Sayaka Kurosawa; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoya Hanibuchi; Tomoki Nakaya; Suzanne Mavoa; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. Built environment correlates of objectively-measured sedentary behaviours in densely-populated areas. Health & Place 2020, 66, 102447 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Sayaka Kurosawa, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Tomoki Nakaya, Suzanne Mavoa, Gavin R. McCormack, Koichiro Oka. Built environment correlates of objectively-measured sedentary behaviours in densely-populated areas. Health & Place. 2020; 66 ():102447.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Sayaka Kurosawa; Akitomo Yasunaga; Tomoya Hanibuchi; Tomoki Nakaya; Suzanne Mavoa; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. 2020. "Built environment correlates of objectively-measured sedentary behaviours in densely-populated areas." Health & Place 66, no. : 102447.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Canadian Journal of Public Health
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Neighbourhood characteristics can impact the health of residents. This study investigated associations between objectively derived neighbourhood characteristics, including novel space syntax metrics, and self-reported body mass index (BMI) among Canadian men and women. Our study included survey data collected from a random cross-section of adults residing in Calgary, Alberta (n = 1718). The survey, conducted in 2007/2008, captured participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, health, and weight status (BMI). Participants’ household postal codes were geocoded and 1600-m line-based network buffers estimated. Using a geographical information system, we estimated neighbourhood characteristics within each buffer including business destination density, street intersection density, sidewalk length, and population density. Using space syntax, we estimated street integration and walkability (street integration plus population density) within each buffer. Using adjusted regression models, we estimated associations between neighbourhood characteristics and BMI (continuous) and BMI categories (healthy weight vs. overweight including obese). Gender-stratified analysis was also performed. Business destination density was negatively associated with BMI and the odds of being overweight. Among men, street intersection density and sidewalk length were negatively associated with BMI and street intersection density, business destination density, street integration, and space syntax walkability were negatively associated with odds of being overweight. Among women, business destination density was negatively associated with BMI. Urban planning policies that impact neighbourhood design have the potential to influence weight among adults living in urban Canadian settings. Some characteristics may have a differential association with weight among men and women and should be considered in urban planning and in neighbourhood-focussed public health interventions.

ACS Style

Vikram Nichani; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Koichiro Oka; Tomoki Nakaya; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Liam Turley; Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between the traditional and novel neighbourhood built environment metrics and weight status among Canadian men and women. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2020, 112, 166 -174.

AMA Style

Vikram Nichani, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Koichiro Oka, Tomoki Nakaya, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Akitomo Yasunaga, Liam Turley, Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between the traditional and novel neighbourhood built environment metrics and weight status among Canadian men and women. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2020; 112 (1):166-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vikram Nichani; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Koichiro Oka; Tomoki Nakaya; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Liam Turley; Gavin R. McCormack. 2020. "Associations between the traditional and novel neighbourhood built environment metrics and weight status among Canadian men and women." Canadian Journal of Public Health 112, no. 1: 166-174.

Short communication
Published: 28 May 2020 in Health & Place
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This study estimated the associations between neighbourhood characteristics and self-reported body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) risk categories among Canadian men and women. Using data from the Alberta's Tomorrow Project (n = 14,550), we estimated 3- and 4-way intersections, business destinations, population count, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within a 400 m radius of participant's home. Intersections, business destinations, and population count (z-scores) were summed to create a walkability score. Four-way intersections and walkability were negatively associated with overweight and obesity. Walkability was negatively associated with obesity. NDVI was negatively associated with high-risk WHR and population count and walkability positively associated with high-risk WHR. Among men, population count and walkability were negatively associated with obesity, and business destinations and walkability were negatively associated with overweight and obesity. Among women, NDVI was negatively associated with overweight (including obesity), obesity, and high-risk WC. Interventions promoting healthy weight could incorporate strategies that take into consideration local built environment characteristics.

ACS Style

Vikram Nichani; Liam Turley; Jennifer E. Vena; Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between the neighbourhood characteristics and body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project. Health & Place 2020, 64, 102357 .

AMA Style

Vikram Nichani, Liam Turley, Jennifer E. Vena, Gavin R. McCormack. Associations between the neighbourhood characteristics and body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project. Health & Place. 2020; 64 ():102357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vikram Nichani; Liam Turley; Jennifer E. Vena; Gavin R. McCormack. 2020. "Associations between the neighbourhood characteristics and body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project." Health & Place 64, no. : 102357.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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There are many health benefits of regular physical activity and improving physical fitness levels can reduce the risk of chronic disease. Accumulating evidence suggests the neighborhood built environment is important for supporting physical activity; however, few studies have investigated the contribution of the neighborhood built environment to fitness levels. We examined the associations between objectively-determined and self-reported neighborhood walkability and overall and specific components of perceived health-related fitness (cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, and flexibility) in a random sample of 592 adults from two areas of Calgary (Canada). Participants provided complete data to an online questionnaire capturing perceived cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular strength (MST), flexibility, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), resistance training, and sociodemographic characteristics. The questionnaire also captured participant’s perceptions of their neighborhood’s walkability (Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale; PANES) and the physical activity supportiveness of neighborhood parks (Park Perceptions Index; PPI). Objectively-measured neighborhood walkability was estimated using Walk Score®. The average (SD) age of participants was 46.6 (14.8) years and 67.2% were female. Participants, on average, participated in at least 30-minutes of MVPA on 3.4 (2.1) days/week and undertook resistance training 2.0 (1.8) days/week. Adjusting for covariates, Walk Score® was not associated with any fitness outcomes. Adjusting for covariates, the PANES index was positively associated (p < 0.05) with CRF, MST, flexibility, and overall fitness and the PPI was positively associated (p < 0.05) with all fitness outcomes except MST. Our findings provide novel preliminary evidence suggesting the neighborhood built environment may be important for supporting higher health-related fitness levels in adults.

ACS Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Levi Frehlich; Anita Blackstaffe; Tanvir C. Turin; Patricia K. Doyle-Baker. Active and Fit Communities. Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Health-Related Fitness in Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1131 .

AMA Style

Gavin R. McCormack, Levi Frehlich, Anita Blackstaffe, Tanvir C. Turin, Patricia K. Doyle-Baker. Active and Fit Communities. Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Health-Related Fitness in Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Levi Frehlich; Anita Blackstaffe; Tanvir C. Turin; Patricia K. Doyle-Baker. 2020. "Active and Fit Communities. Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Health-Related Fitness in Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1131.

Short communication
Published: 20 December 2019 in Health & Place
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Most walkability indices do not capture the topological structure of urban forms. Space syntax models these topological relationships. We estimated associations between the space syntax measure of street integration and walkability (SSW) and neighborhood-specific leisure (LW) and transportation (TW) walking among 4422 Canadian adults. Street integration and SSW were found to be positively associated with TW and LW participation in a usual week. A one-unit increase in SSW was associated with a 6-min increase in usual weekly minutes of TW. Street integration and SSW were also positively associated with TW participation in the last week. Higher street integration and walkability conceptualized using space syntax support neighborhood walking.

ACS Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Liam Turley; Tomoki Nakaya; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Koichiro Oka. Evidence for urban design and public health policy and practice: Space syntax metrics and neighborhood walking. Health & Place 2019, 67, 102277 .

AMA Style

Gavin R. McCormack, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Liam Turley, Tomoki Nakaya, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Akitomo Yasunaga, Koichiro Oka. Evidence for urban design and public health policy and practice: Space syntax metrics and neighborhood walking. Health & Place. 2019; 67 ():102277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavin R. McCormack; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Liam Turley; Tomoki Nakaya; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Koichiro Oka. 2019. "Evidence for urban design and public health policy and practice: Space syntax metrics and neighborhood walking." Health & Place 67, no. : 102277.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Health & Place
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There is a dearth of evidence about how high-density living may influence dog-walking behaviour. We examined associations between neighbourhood built environment attributes and dog-ownership and dog-walking behaviour in Japan. Data from 1058 participants were used. The dog-ownership was 18.8%. All neighbourhood built attributes (excluding availability of parks) were negatively associated with dog-ownership. Among dog-owners, these same attributes were positively associated with any dog-walking in a usual week and with achieving 150-min per week of physical activity through dog-walking alone. These findings provided evidence on the importance of neighbourhood built environment attributes on dog-ownership and dog-walking behaviour in dense and compact areas. The urban design and public health implication of these findings is that the built environment attributes in high-density living areas may have different impacts on dog-ownership and dog-walking: while living in a walkable neighbourhood may not be conducive to dog-ownership, it may support dog-walking in such areas. Programs targeting dog-owners in high-density areas might be needed to encourage them to walk their dogs more. If successful, these programs could contribute to higher physical activity levels among dog-owners.

ACS Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Yung Liao; Koichiro Oka. Dog-walking in dense compact areas: The role of neighbourhood built environment. Health & Place 2019, 61, 102242 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Tomoki Nakaya, Gavin R. McCormack, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Akitomo Yasunaga, Yung Liao, Koichiro Oka. Dog-walking in dense compact areas: The role of neighbourhood built environment. Health & Place. 2019; 61 ():102242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Tomoki Nakaya; Gavin R. McCormack; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Akitomo Yasunaga; Yung Liao; Koichiro Oka. 2019. "Dog-walking in dense compact areas: The role of neighbourhood built environment." Health & Place 61, no. : 102242.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2019 in Preventive Medicine
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Few Canadian studies have examined whether or not associations between neighbourhood walkability and physical activity differ by sex. We estimated associations between perceived neighbourhood walkability and physical activity among Canadian men and women. This study included cross-sectional survey data from participants in ‘Alberta's Tomorrow Project’ (Canada; n = 14,078), a longitudinal cohort study. The survey included socio-demographic items as well as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the abbreviated Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS-A), which captured perceived neighbourhood built characteristics. We computed subscale and overall walkability scores from NEWS-A responses. Covariate-adjusted generalized linear models estimated the associations of participation (≥10 min/week) and minutes of different types of physical activity, including transportation walking (TW), leisure walking (LW), moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA), and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) with walkability scores. Walkability was positively associated with participation in TW, LW, MPA and VPA and minutes of TW, LW, and VPA. Among men, a negative association was found between street connectivity and VPA participation. Additionally, crime safety was negatively associated with VPA minutes among men. Among women, pedestrian infrastructure was positively associated with LW participation and overall walkability was positively associated with VPA minutes. Notably, overall walkability was positively associated with LW participation among men and women. Different perceived neighbourhood walkability characteristics might be associated with participation and time spent in different types of physical activity among men and women living in Alberta. Interventions designed to modify perceptions of neighbourhood walkability might influence initiation or maintenance of different types of physical activity.

ACS Style

Vikram Nichani; Jennifer E. Vena; Christine M. Friedenreich; Chelsea Christie; Gavin R. McCormack. A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women. Preventive Medicine 2019, 129, 105864 .

AMA Style

Vikram Nichani, Jennifer E. Vena, Christine M. Friedenreich, Chelsea Christie, Gavin R. McCormack. A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women. Preventive Medicine. 2019; 129 ():105864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vikram Nichani; Jennifer E. Vena; Christine M. Friedenreich; Chelsea Christie; Gavin R. McCormack. 2019. "A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women." Preventive Medicine 129, no. : 105864.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Different models of accelerometer have the potential to provide a different estimate of the same physical activity or sedentary behavior. Our study compared the outputs of the Active Style Pro (ASP) and ActiGraph (AG) devices in assessing predicted metabolic equivalents (METs) for specific activities under laboratory conditions. Thirty healthy young adults wore two hip accelerometers (ASP and AG), simultaneously while performing twenty-two activities (eight sedentary, eight household, and six ambulatory activities) in a controlled laboratory setting. For the AG, predicted METs for each activity was calculated using four equations based on vertical-axis and vector magnitude data. Separate paired t-tests and Bland-Altman analysis examined the difference and agreement in METs between AG using four commonly used equations and ASP measurements for each activity. AG devices using different equations calculated significantly different outcomes for most activities compared with ASP devices. The smallest differences in predicted METs estimates between ASP and AG were observed for ambulatory activities. Ambulatory activities demonstrated the best agreement between ASP and AG regardless of which AG equation was used. Our findings can be used to assist researchers in their selection of accelerometer and output estimation equations for measuring physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults.

ACS Style

Shohei Yano; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Levi Frehlich; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Assessment: A Laboratory-Based Evaluation of Agreement between Commonly Used ActiGraph and Omron Accelerometers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3126 .

AMA Style

Shohei Yano, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Ai Shibata, Kaori Ishii, Levi Frehlich, Gavin R. McCormack, Koichiro Oka. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Assessment: A Laboratory-Based Evaluation of Agreement between Commonly Used ActiGraph and Omron Accelerometers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (17):3126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shohei Yano; Mohammad Javad Koohsari; Ai Shibata; Kaori Ishii; Levi Frehlich; Gavin R. McCormack; Koichiro Oka. 2019. "Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Assessment: A Laboratory-Based Evaluation of Agreement between Commonly Used ActiGraph and Omron Accelerometers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3126.