Despite its limited exploration, Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. can be beneficial if pharmacology, isolation, and biological evaluation are given attention. It is an aquatic species that belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae. The thrust area of the work was the extraction, isolation, and biological evaluation of different extracts of the N. mexicana Zucc. plant. The primary goal of this research was to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the extracts and to isolate the target naringenin compound. Comparative FT IR analysis of different extracts of this plant revealed the presence of functional groups of plant secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, esters, amines, glycosides, alkanes, alkaloids, fatty acids, and alcohols. Moderate free radical scavenging potential has been achieved for the various extracts via reducing power and DPPH assays. While cytotoxic activity was evaluated by colorimetric and lactate dehydrogenase cell viability tests on potent cancer cell lines. Lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A-549), and breast cells (MC-7) were treated with MeOH extract. The antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains was evaluated using Gram-positive and -negative cultures, where maximum and minimum inhibition zones were recorded for different strains, including 1.6–25.6 μg/mL for Streptococcus aureus, using the agar well diffusion method. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of N. mexicana Zucc. was evaluated in a nitrite radical scavenging assay with high concentrations of secondary metabolites, which are important against human pathogens and other diseases.

The present study reports the synthesis of 2-azidobenzothiazoles from substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles using sodium nitrite and sodium azide under mild conditions. All the synthesized compounds were examined for their antibacterial activity against Gram (+) bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51299), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) and Gram (−) bacteria, Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC BAA-2146)and clinical isolates of Gram (+) Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Multi Drug Resistant E. coli. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values by broth dilution method revealed that compound 2d exhibited significant antibacterial potential against E. faecalis and S. aureus with MIC of 8 μg/mL, while other synthesized compounds had only moderate effects against all the tested species. The compound significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of the bacterial strains below its MIC. The selective cytotoxicity of Compound 2d towards bacterial cells was evidenced on extended exposure of Human Embryonic Kidney-293 cell line to higher concentrations of the compound. Hence, the present study confirmed that compound 2d can be a potential drug candidate for future development as an antibacterial drug.

The importance of the present study is to find out the phytochemical profile of essential oil (EO) of Artemisia tournefortiana Reichb. and its biological evaluation. Nineteen volatile constituents were identified from EO representing 93.47% of total oil composition. Oxygenated monoterpenes (54.46%) were found to be dominant over other class of compounds. cis-spiroether (47.66%), Z-β-farnesene (22.83%), trans-nerolidol (3.89%) and camphor (3.80%) were found to be the major constituents. cis-spiroether is first time identified in this region. Antibacterial effects were observed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with maximum zone of inhibition (32 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all tested strains were found in the range of 1.6–3.4 µg/mL. Hence the antimicrobial effect of this plant EO obtained from the natural source could be utilised in order to overcome the problem of microbial drug resistance. The EO showed moderate antioxidant effect through DPPH assay with IC₅₀ value of 56.2 µg/mL. The significant antioxidant activity can be attributed to the presence of various conjugated secondary metabolites, phenolics and hydroxyl group bearing constituents present in the essential oil.

Head space-Solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) technique has been used to examine terpene composition of Skimmia laureola. The chemical composition of SPME extract obtained from leaves of S. laureola was compared with composition of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the same plant. Both qualitative and quantitative differences have been found in the terpene composition estimated by analyzing essential oil and HS-SPME extract of S. laureola. Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil revealed sixteen constituents, representing 99.2 % of the oil, while as HS-SPME analysis of same plant material revealed twenty six constituents, representing 98.3 % of the extract. The principal components of the essential oil were linalyl acetate (51.6 %), linalool (16.8 %), β-phellandrene (11.7 %) and α-terpineol (4.7 %), while as in the HS-SPME extract; the major constituents were linalyl acetate (49.2 %), linalool (7.5 %), α-pinene (7.3 %) and geyrene (4.9 %). The percentage yield of oil was 0.4 % ( v/w) according to their fresh weight.

The present study was carried to observe the phytochemical profile of aromatic constituents of Artemisia gmelinni essential oil using GC-FID, GC-MS and ¹³C NMR and to evalute anticancer and antioxidant activities. Twenty chemical constituents were detected from EO accounting 92.05% of total oil composition. Oxygenated monoterpenes (73.64%) were dominant class of compounds. The major constituents are isoascaridol (29.70%), alpha-terpinolene (25.37%), phellandrene (9.26%) and ascaridole (4.17%). Ascaridole and isoascaridole are first time identified to be the constituents of this essential oil. The essential oil effectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells and showed maximum anti-proliferative activity at 125µg/mL concentration, but highest inhibition in cell growth was found in A-549 cell line. Our study revealed that EO was effective in restricting the migration of A-549 cells up to 15% than control at 125 µg/mL concentration. The essential oil also showed moderate antioxidant activity.