A growing body of research has examined the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in people with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), but the findings of the available studies were conflicting. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in AD patients. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases from the inception of indexing until 12 November 2021. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. From 1942 search records initially identified, 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. Included studies involved 503 participants in 16 exercise groups (mean age: 69.2–84 years) and 406 participants (mean age: 68.9–84 years) in 15 control groups. There was a significant effect of aerobic exercise on increasing mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score in AD patients [weighted mean difference (WMD), 1.50 (95% CI, 0.55 to 2.45), p = 0.002]. Subgroup analyses showed that interventions conducted 30 min per session [WMD, 2.52 (95% CI, 0.84 to 4.20), p = 0.003], less than 150 min per week [WMD, 2.10 (95% CI, 0.84 to 3.37), p = 0.001], and up to three times per week [WMD, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 2.89), p = 0.007] increased MMSE score significantly. In addition, a worse basal cognitive status was associated with greater improvement in MMSE score. Our analysis indicated that aerobic exercise, especially conducted 30 min per session, less than 150 min per week, and up to three times per week, contributed to improving cognitive function in AD patients. Additionally, a worse basal cognitive status contributed to more significant improvements in cognitive function.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of exercise interventions on cancer-related fatigue (CRF), specifically in breast cancer patients, with the ultimate goal of establishing an optimal exercise prescription for breast cancer patients. A comprehensive search was undertaken across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering data published up to 1 September 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) along with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), thereby quantifying the effectiveness of exercise in alleviating CRF in the breast cancer patient population. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise (SMD, −0.17, p = 0.02), resistance exercise (SMD, −0.37, p = 0.0009), and combined exercise (SMD, −0.53, p < 0.0001) significantly improved CRF in breast cancer patients. In addition, exercise intervention conducted ≥3 times per week (SMD, −0.47, p = 0.0001) for >60 min per session (SMD, −0.63, p < 0.0001) and ≥180 min per week (SMD, −0.79, p < 0.0001) had greater effects on improving CRF in breast cancer patients, especially middle-aged patients (SMD, −0.42, p < 0.0001). Exercise is an effective approach to improving CRF in breast cancer patients. When devising an exercise program, the primary consideration should be the incorporation of combined exercise as the principal intervention. This entails ensuring that participants engage in the program at least three times weekly, with each session lasting for more than 60 min. The ultimate aim is to achieve a total weekly exercise duration of 180 min by progressively increasing the frequency of exercise sessions.

Background/Objectives: Caffeine is widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, yet evidence regarding its acute effects on repeated sprint ability (RSA) remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on RSA across different populations, exercise modalities, and dosage levels. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of science, and Scopus databases. Data were pooled using the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Acute caffeine ingestion significantly enhanced RSA peak power output (PPO) compared with placebo (WMD, 5.28; 95% CI, 2.49 to 8.07; p = 0.0002). Subgroup analyses revealed significant improvements in both males (WMD, 13.11; 95% CI, 5.63 to 20.59; p = 0.0006) and females (WMD, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.10 to 6.97; p = 0.007). A caffeine dose of ≥6 mg/kg body weight (BW) produced greater ergogenic benefits (WMD, 6.67; 95% CI, 3.32 to 10.02; p < 0.0001) than lower doses (WMD, 2.16; 95% CI, −2.87 to 7.19; p = 0.40). Moreover, a more pronounced enhancement was observed in cycling-based RSA (WMD, 8.77; 95% CI, 1.98 to 15.56; p = 0.01) compared with running-based protocols (WMD, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.58 to 7.55; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Acute caffeine ingestion significantly enhances RSA, particularly at doses ≥6 mg/kg BW. This effect is consistent across both male and female participants, with no statistically significant sex difference observed in the pooled analysis. These findings reinforce caffeine’s role as an effective ergogenic aid for optimizing high-intensity intermittent performance, with the strongest benefits evident in cycling exercise.

The study investigated the effects of listening to self-selected music during a warm-up on brain wave synchronization/desynchronization and Wingate test performance. Seventeen healthy young men were required to complete a 10 min warm-up session with or without music intervention, followed by an electroencephalogram (EEG) or Wingate test, respectively. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were recorded immediately after the Wingate test. Compared with no music intervention, listening to self-selected music during a warm-up significantly increased peak power and mean power in the Wingate test (p < 0.05), upregulated the α energy percentage in the F3, C3, P3, O1, T3, F4, and Fp2 regions (p < 0.05) and β energy percentage in the F3, O1, and T5 regions (p < 0.05), while it downregulated the δ energy percentage in the F3, P3, O1, F4, and F8 regions (p < 0.05), θ/β in the F3 and O1 regions (p < 0.05), and (θ+α)/(α+β) in the F3 region (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the minimum power and fatigue index in the Wingate test between the music intervention and no music intervention, or in RPE and HR after the Wingate test (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that listening to self-selected music during a warm-up enhances cortical excitability by upregulating the α and β energy percentages and downregulating the δ energy percentage, which may represent a potential mechanism by which listening to self-selected music during a warm-up improves anaerobic performance in healthy young men.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on cognitive function in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to identify the optimal exercise prescription. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Scopus was conducted through 13 May 2025. The Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Results: Twenty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which six were rated as high quality and eleven as moderate quality. A meta-analytic synthesis of 14 eligible studies demonstrated that exercise elicited a significant improvement of cognitive function in ID patients (Hedges’ g = 0.85, p < 0.001), with the greatest effect observed for cognitive speed (Hedges’ g = 0.93, p < 0.01). Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions lasting ≥12 weeks (Hedges’ g = 0.92, p < 0.001), performed <3 times per week (Hedges’ g = 1.22, p < 0.01), with sessions ≥60 min (Hedges’ g = 1.91, p < 0.01), and >180 min per week in total (Hedges’ g = 3.10, p < 0.01) yielded the most pronounced benefits. Adolescents with ID exhibited greater cognitive gains (Hedges’ g = 1.01, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Exercise significantly improved cognitive function in ID patients. Our findings suggested that ID patients may benefit from exercise sessions lasting at least 60 min, performed fewer than three times per week, and sustained for at least 12 weeks. Achieving an exercise target of more than 180 min per week may further enhance cognitive function. Moreover, younger ID patients may experience greater improvements in cognitive function. Future studies should focus on standardizing exercise protocols and cognitive assessment tools to ensure consistency and comparability of findings in this population.

Introduction Obesity in women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) is associated with substantial metabolic and reproductive burden. metabolic-bariatric surgery (MBS) is effective for weight loss, yet postoperative responses vary considerably. Identifying distinct weight loss trajectories and their associated metabolic outcomes may enable individualized postoperative management. Methods In this prospective study, women with obesity and PMOS who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were followed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) based on percentage total weight loss (%TWL) was used to identify distinct patterns of weight loss. Longitudinal changes in anthropometric and metabolic parameters were compared between the identified trajectory groups. Results A total of 111 women were included. Significant improvements in anthropometric and metabolic parameters were observed over 12 months, with the most pronounced changes occurring within the first three months. Median BMI decreased from 38.5 kg/m. ² preoperatively to 26.7 kg/m² at 12 months (median %TWL 30.1%; %EWL 83.9%), and HbA1c improved from 5.8% to 5.2%. GBTM identified two distinct %TWL trajectories: an accelerated-decline group (57.7% of patients) and a normal-decline group (42.3%). Despite comparable baseline characteristics between the two groups, patients in the accelerated-decline group demonstrated consistently superior metabolic outcomes, including lower fasting insulin, C-peptide, and LDL-cholesterol at various postoperative time points. Conclusion MBS yields substantial metabolic improvements in women with obesity and PMOS, with two distinct weight loss trajectories. Greater weight loss after MBS is associated with more pronounced metabolic benefits, yet preoperative characteristics do not distinguish between trajectory groups, underscoring the heterogeneity in surgical response and the need for further research into the determinants of differential outcomes.