The health of the river basin is characterised by its ecosystem health to provide significant and valuable resources and services for human use and the basin itself. However, the development of urban space and the intensification of human activities surrounding the river ecosystem have greatly disturbed the river’s health, thereby impacting human and environment. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the degree of quality and cleanliness of river water, which is one of the river basin’s health indicators. To identify the issues that affect the river’s health, water quality indicators are used. The Inanam–Likas River Basin has been chosen due to its location within an urban area. Water quality data from 2014 to 2018 were analysed using the Water Quality Index (WQI) developed by the DOE. In addition, the Mann–Kendall test is also used to observe the trend and direction of the river’s health using WQI data from 1999 to 2019. Based on the analysis, the health of the river basin is moderately polluted due to land clearing and domestic sewage activities. This is shown by the relatively high percentage frequency of contaminated levels of WQI SS and NH3-N. The health level of the river in the upper course is better than in the lower course. This is because development and human activities are more concentrated in the lower course area compared to the upper course. Although the river’s health is currently at a moderate level, the trend indicates that its health is improving.

Etnik Dusun merupakan kumpulan etnik yang terbesar di negeri Sabah. Majoriti daripada etnik ini telah memeluk agama Islam. Walau bagaimanapun, kesinambungan kepercayaan tradisional (animisme) masih terus dilestari dan dipelihara dalam kehidupan sosiobudaya mereka. Kajian ini memberi fokus terhadap amalan sogit masyarakat Dusun di daerah Ranau, Sabah. Sogit secara mudahnya dapat difahami sebagai pampasan, ganti rugi adat ataupun denda adat yang dikenakan terhadap individu yang melanggar norma dan kod etika adat. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah menjelaskan amalan sogit dari perspektif sosiobudaya masyarakat Dusun Ranau di samping menganalisisnya dari perspektif hukum Islam. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui kaedah temu bual, observasi dan analisis dokumen. Hasil kajian mendapati, sogit dari perspektif sosiobudaya masyarakat Dusun di Ranau, Sabah berperanan sebagai kawalan sosial, indikator sosial dan medium manifestasi kepercayaan tradisional mereka. Dari perspektif Islam pula, amalan sogit terbahagi kepada dua iaitu terdapat amalan sogit yang dibenarkan (urf sahih), manakala sebahagian amalan sogit yang lain, terdapat elemen-elemen yang bercanggah dengan syarak menyebabkan ia termasuk dalam kategori ‘urf fasid’ dalam hukum Islam. The largest ethnic group in Sabah is Dusun and majority of them have embraced Islam. Nonetheless, their animistic beliefs continue to influence their socio-cultural practices until the present day. This study seeks to explicate the functions of sogit in the socio-culture of Dusun community, particularly in Ranau district. Sogit is easily interpreted as compensation, customary damages, or customary fines imposed on those who violate societal norms and ethical codes. The primary objective of this study is explaining the practice of sogit from the socio-cultural perspective of the Dusun community in Ranau while analysing it from the Islamic Jurisprudence perspective. This is a qualitative study that collected data through interviews, observations, and document examination. According to the findings of this study, sogit serves as a social control, indicator and vehicle for expressing traditional beliefs in socio-cultural contexts. From the perspective of Islam, sogit practices are divided into two categories: those that are valid (urf sahih) and those that contain elements conflicting with Shariah and therefore fall under the category of ‘urf fasid’.

Isu alam sekitar telah menjadi ancaman yang sangat berbahaya kepada manusia. Kebergantungan manusia terhadap elemen alam sekitar memaksa manusia untuk masuk ke dalam sistem alam sekitar yang sangat terbatas. Cara terbaik untuk menjaga hubungan baik terhadap alam sekitar adalah melalui pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan alam sekitar agar sentiasa lestari. Hal ini tentu sekali bermula daripada titik awal iaitu pendidikan. Pelbagai usaha menerapkan pendidikan alam sekitar ke dalam sistem kurikulum sekolah namun kesedaran terhadap alam sekitar dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah masih berada pada tahap yang kurang memuaskan. Oleh hal yang demikian, kajian terhadap kesedaran dan amalan pendidikan berunsur alam sekitar dijalankan. Selain itu, hubungan antara kesedaran dan pembentukan amalan pendidikan alam sekitar dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah di Kota Kinabalu turut dikenal pasti. Kajian ini menggunakan borang soal selidik yang diedarkan di sepuluh buah sekolah terpilih dengan jumlah responden seramai 500 orang dan analisis data dilakukan secara analisis deskriptif. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan hubungan antara kesedaran terhadap kepentingan alam sekitar dengan amalan pembudayaan amalan pendidikan alam sekitar dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah di daerah Kota Kinabalu, Sabah adalah tidak signifikan. Environmental issues have become a very dangerous to human beings. Human dependence on environmental elements forces humans to adapt into a very limited environmental system. The best way to maintain good relations with the environment is through conservation and preservation of the environment so that it is always sustainable. This starts from the starting point which is education. Various efforts implemented environmental education into the school curriculum system but the environmental problems among school students are still at an unsatisfactory level. Therefore, this study was conducted to identified the level of awareness and practice of environmental education as well as to measure the relationship between awareness and practice of environmental education among secondary school students in Kota Kinabalu. This study uses a questionnaire distributed in ten selected schools with a total of 500 respondents and data analysis was done by descriptive analysis. The results of this study found that there is no significant relationship between environmental awareness and practices on environmental culture among secondary school students in the district of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.