Phosphorous (P) fixation in saline soils is a concern worldwide. To investigate optimization strategies for P fertilizer application that improve P use efficiency (PUE) and crop yield in saline soil, in terms of P sources and rates, we conducted a two year field experiment in the coastal saline area of China to investigate the effects of P rates and sources, including superphosphate (SSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on yield, aboveground P uptake, agronomy efficiency (AE_P), and soil available P of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat yield, under the three P sources, increased with P rates and reached a plateau under 20 kg P ha⁻¹ SSP,18 kg P ha⁻¹ MAP, and 17 kg P ha⁻¹ MAP, respectively. The application of SSP increased the wheat yield by 9–11% compared to MAP and APP. The aboveground P uptake of winter wheat under SSP was 14% and 13% higher than MAP and APP, respectively, under the optimal P application rate. The AE_P under SSP was higher than the other two P sources under the same P rate. SSP increased the soil Ca²⁺ concentration by 20–42%, but decreased the Na⁺ concentration by 14–18% at the P rate of 26 kg P ha⁻¹ in all soil layers, including 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm, compared to CK (0 kg P ha⁻¹). The soil Olsen-P concentration under APP was higher than the other P sources. This study suggests that optimizing P sources and rates can improve wheat yield, PUE, and soil quality in the coastal saline soil.