Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents a challenge for health organizations because of its high likelihood of morbidity and mortality. There is an increasing body of evidence exploring the efficacy of resistance training (RT) alone on glycemic control. Objective: To update the effectiveness of RT on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose in adults diagnosed with T2DM. Methods: CINAHL (EBSDCO), PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), and EMBASE (Ovid) databases were searched from inception to 30 January 2024. Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adult humans with T2DM assessing the impact of RT on HbA1c and fasting glucose compared with control condition were included. Data were pooled by the inverse-variance method and reported as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Forty-six RCTs totaling 2130 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated RT significantly reduced HbA1c (MD -0.50% [95% CI, −0.67, −0.34 %], p < .00,001) and fasting glucose (MD -12.03 mg/dl [95% CI, −19.36, −4.69 mg/dl], p = .001). Subgroup analyses found that exercise training durations, gender, and risk of bias had statistically significant effects on HbA1c levels and fasting glucose concentrations after resistance training. However, meta-regression analyses revealed that variables including year of publication, number of sessions per week, mean sample age, sample size, and study quality scores did not significantly affect the change in either HbA1c or glucose. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis with meta-regression delivers further evidence that RT programs are effective approach in attenuation of HbA1c and fasting glucose in individuals with T2DM.

Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. It involves the activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which, when chronically sustained, contribute to neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent evidence suggests that regular physical exercise exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating neuroinflammatory pathways and enhancing brain health. Exercise has been shown to regulate the activity of microglia and astrocytes, strengthen the blood-brain barrier, and reduce systemic and gut-derived inflammation-all of which are implicated in the progression of neurodegeneration. Additionally, exercise influences inflammasome signaling, a key component in the innate immune response, further mitigating inflammation-induced neuronal injury. This review summarizes current findings on the impact of physical activity on inflammation and inflammasome pathways in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the therapeutic potential of exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention. Further research is warranted to optimize exercise protocols for maximal neuroprotective benefits.

The circadian system regulates core physiological processes, including muscle regeneration, protein synthesis, and cellular homeostasis. Disruptions in circadian rhythms contribute to impaired muscle function in older adults, with age-related declines in muscle mass and regenerative capacity serving as major contributors to sarcopenia. Emerging evidence indicates that exercise—a powerful modulator of muscle adaptation—can also influence circadian regulation, offering a potential avenue to enhance muscle repair in aging populations. This review examines how physical activity interacts with circadian mechanisms in aged skeletal muscle, emphasizing key molecular and cellular pathways involved in muscle regeneration. Central circadian regulators such as Clock, BMAL1, and PER1 are discussed in the context of muscle protein turnover, satellite cell activity, and mitochondrial function. Aligning exercise timing with circadian rhythms is proposed as a promising strategy to enhance muscle recovery and functional capacity in older individuals. Furthermore, the review highlights the therapeutic potential of chrono-exercise to delay the onset of sarcopenia and promote healthy aging. By integrating insights from chronobiology, geroscience, and exercise physiology, this analysis underscores the importance of chrono-exercise in supporting muscle health during aging.

Exercise has long been recognized for its systemic health benefits, including modulation of the immune system. Contemporary scientific inquiry has increasingly turned toward understanding the regulatory effects of exercise on immune cell dynamics within muscle tissue, highlighting their potential role in facilitating tissue repair and modulating chronic disease pathways. Following acute bouts of exercise, especially those involving eccentric or high-intensity contractions, muscle fibers experience micro-damage that triggers a well-orchestrated immune response. This phenomenon entails a coordinated, time-sensitive accumulation of immune effector cells—namely neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes—within compromised muscle tissue. Through the release of immunoregulatory and regenerative mediators like cytokines and growth factors, these cells actively participate in coordinating tissue repair by eliminating cellular debris and resolving inflammation. Macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype is particularly crucial in coordinating effective muscle repair and preventing fibrosis. However, dysregulation of this immune response, such as persistent inflammation or impaired immune cell transition, can hinder regeneration and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic conditions like sarcopenia, insulin resistance, and muscular dystrophies. Moreover, in chronic disease states, immune cell infiltration into muscle may become maladaptive, exacerbating tissue damage and metabolic dysfunction. Regular moderate-intensity exercise appears to modulate this immune infiltration in a way that enhances repair mechanisms while reducing chronic inflammation, highlighting a potential therapeutic avenue for managing muscle-related pathologies. In-depth insight into the molecular and cellular crosstalk between physical activity and immune cell regulation in muscle tissue forms the basis for crafting specialized therapeutic strategies aimed at facilitating muscle regeneration and limiting the development of chronic pathological conditions. Through a detailed evaluation of exercise-elicited immune dynamics, this review underscores the dichotomous functions of immune cell infiltration in supporting muscle regeneration and in contributing to strategies for chronic disease prevention and management.

The use of solar technologies is expanding day by day due to easy access and its easiness in combining with other systems. The low density of solar radiation in some places has caused a quiet acceptance of this type of energy, which can be overcome by concentrating solar radiation in a specific area. One of the other problems of renewable energy is the lack of access at all hours of the day and night, and to solve this problem, a gas microturbine system has been used. The purpose of this research is to supply the thermal and electrical energy needed by the sports stadium. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hybrid gas microturbine system with a capacity of 30 kW with a linear parabolic concentrator collector. To achieve this goal, thermodynamic modeling was done and the effect of effective parameters on electrical and thermal power production was evaluated. Among the significant results of this research, the decrease of 0.1% in mechanical power due to the increase of 5 °C in the ambient temperature is noticeable, and on the other hand, according to the obtained results, it can be said that the electrical and mechanical efficiencies increase by 3% due to the increase in the annual radiation intensity to the amount of 1100 W/m2.