This article studied the load frequency control (LFC) of a multi-source microgrid with the presence of renewable energy sources. To maintain a sustainable power supply, the frequency of the system must be kept constant. A Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is presented as a secondary controller to control the frequency of the microgrid in island mode, and the integral of squared time multiplied by error squared (ISTES) is used as a performance index. The use of the Craziness-Based Particle Swarm Optimization (CRPSO), which is an improved version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), improves the convergence speed in optimizing the nonlinear problem of load and frequency controller design. The test microgrid is composed of the load and distributed generation units such as diesel generators, photovoltaics and wind turbines. The proposed controller provided the desired response to adjusting the microgrid frequency, achieving the final response after a short time and making it more stable and less oscillatory compared with the conventional system.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. The transportation sector, where vehicles run on oil, contributes a large amount of GHG. The development of electric vehicles to meet the allowed GHG limits has recently been the main focus of research worldwide. Research in electric vehicles (EVs) has observed a tremendous upsurge in recent years. However, reviews that analyze and present the demand and development of EVs comprehensively are still inadequate, and this integrative review is an effort to fill that gap. This study has revealed many thought‐provoking understandings related to specific developments, specifically global demand and growth of EVs along with electricity and battery demand, current technological developments in EVs, energy storage technologies, and charging strategies. It also details the next generation of EVs and their technological advancements, such as wireless power transfer. The development of a smart city concept by EV implementation added a new aspect to this review. The summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there has been a lack of integrative reviews that assessed EVs’ global demand and development simultaneously and collectively. This review concludes the intuitions for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.

Because of the lack of transmission and distribution grid of electricity in remote and inaccessible areas due to the high cost of construction of the transmission line along with the unsuitable geographical conditions and taking into account the factors affecting sustainable energy production, renewable energy seems like a sensible solution. Therefore, in this paper, considering the solar and wind potential of Turkalan village located in East Azerbaijan Province, the combined solar-wind-diesel generator system with battery bank and independent of the grid was evaluated. Sensitivity analysis and optimal measurement of the studied system were performed by HOMER software. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the parameters of solar radiation, light reflection from the environment, and wind speed. The goal was to supply 22 kWh/d of energy with a maximum load demand of 2.5 kW. The four hybrid systems proposed by the software considering the total net present cost (NPC) were solar-generator-battery, solar-wind-generator-battery, solar-battery, and solar-wind-battery, respectively. The studies were conducted to determine which of the systems is more suitable for the area.

Solar power has become one of the most essential sources in the move to clean energy production. It plays a vital role in providing environmental, social and economic benefits. As a result, the solar panels must be cleaned consistently. There are several cleaning methods, including passive, active and manual cleaning. In this paper, multi-criteria decision-making method Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution is utilized to compare between different cleaning methods and find the optimal cleaning method in Dubai. This approach considers the influential factors and their relative importance of the cleaning methods to prioritize the alternatives. The aim of the work is to consider social, economic and environmental criteria while choosing the appropriate cleaning method for solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The chosen attributes include several important factors, such as initial and running cost, time required for cleaning, safety, energy required, water consumption, environmental impact and economic impact. The data were collected through a survey of solar energy experts in Dubai. Different weighting methods, such as simple additive weighting and multiplicative exponential weighting were used to determine the relative relevance of the criteria. Sensitivity analysis was conducted, and cost attribute was removed. Inter-criteria correlation, entropy and stochastic dominance were calculated, and the results revealed that robot water-based (sprinkler and brush) cleaning method was the most effective option 0.648, 0.753 and 0.707, respectively. Also the sensitivity analysis results confirmed that robot water based is the most preferred cleaning method by experts in Dubai.

The present study deals with the techno-economic and environmental analysis of a parabolic trough concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system. Energy, economic and environmental issues of the purposed system have been evaluated and analyzed. The MATLAB software has been used for modeling. The outputs of this software include the amount of energy and electrical productions as well as environmental parameters for different studied areas. Finally, economic analysis and energy savings have been performed to persuade the use of this type of technology to supply the various loads of a building. One of the most important results of this study is the production of 222 060 kW of thermal and electrical energy in Bushehr, which is the largest amount of production among cities and saves energy and revenue from the sale of this amount of energy—231 983 kW and 38 533.24$, respectively. A comparative environmental analysis represents that the largest prevention of CO2 emissions is found in Bushehr with 515 tons per year and the lowest prevention of CO2 is related to Rasht with 34 tons.