Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly fused filament fabrication (FFF), has gained significant attention for its design flexibility and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on optimizing FFF parameters that employ response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance the flexural performance of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) parts. Three essential parameters—layer height, print speed, and nozzle temperature—were varied, and their effects on flexural strength, flexural modulus, flexural toughness for ultimate strength, flexural toughness at 5% strain, and strain at ultimate strength were evaluated. Based on a Box–Behnken design, the experiments revealed significant effects of these parameters on the mechanical responses. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that layer height predominantly affects flexural modulus and toughness, while nozzle temperature significantly impacts flexural strength. The RSM models exhibited high accuracy, with R² values exceeding 99%. Optimal parameter combinations yield remarkable improvements: flexural strength reached 39.55 MPa, flexural modulus peaked at 1344.60 MPa, flexural toughness for ultimate strength reached 218.22 J/mm³, flexural toughness at 5% strain reached 381.47 J/mm³, and strain at ultimate strength reached 3.50%. Validation experiments confirm the effectiveness of the optimization, with errors below 3.17%.

In recent years, the widespread use of 3D printing technology in various industries has highlighted the crucial issue of how 3D printed polymers behave mechanically when subjected to stress relaxation. The time‐independent mechanical properties of these polymers, as well as their stress relaxation behavior, are both affected by the 3D printing parameters used. Therefore, this study examines the stress‐relaxation behavior of PLA under tensile and bending loading modes, specifically investigating how different raster orientations affect this behavior. The findings indicate that the ±45° infill orientation had the least amount of relaxation in both tensile and bending modes compared to the other orientations. Additionally, there was higher stress relaxation in the bending loading mode across all infill orientations. The findings indicate that the experimental duration should exceed 750 s to achieve an accurate model, as both Maxwell‐Weichert elements contribute to stress relaxation during this period. On the other hand, extending the test beyond 20,000 s is not necessary since neither of the elements contributes significantly to stress relaxation.

Tr en Bu çalışmanın amacı, iki genotip (yavaş ve hızlı gelişen) ve üç barınak sisteminin (derin altlık, plastik ızgara ve serbest dolaşım) etlik piliçlerin bazı kemik biyomekanik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek ve genotip ve barınak sistemleri arasında etkileşimi değerlendirmektir. İki farklı genotipe ait etlik piliçler üç farklı barınma sisteminde yetiştirildi. Hem yavaş gelişen hem de hızlı gelişen genotipe sahip etlik piliçlerde her bir konut sisteminden 15 kemik olacak şekilde rastgele seçildi ve deney toplam 90 kemik üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Kemik özellikleri ve biyomekanik karakterlerinin belirlenmesi için sağ bacaklardan elde edilen tibiotarsuslar kullanıldı ve sonra bu kemikler tartılarak, kortikal alan ve üç nokta eğme testine tabi tutuldu. Hem canlı ağırlık hem de karkas ağırlığı, genotip ve konut sistemlerinden istatistiksel olarak etkilenmiştir. Kemik ağırlığı, kortikal alan, kırılma mukavemeti, eğilme gerilimi ve bükülme açısından genotip ve barınma sistemleri arasında herhangi bir etkileşim bulunamadı. Ayrıca, barınma sisteminin istatistiksel olarak bu parametreler üzerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlendi. Yavaş gelişen etlik piliçlerin daha düşük eğilme gerilimi sahipken, hızlı gelişenlerin belirgin şekilde daha yüksek kemik ağırlığı, kemik kortikal alanı ve kırılma mukavemeti değerlerine sahip olduğu gözlendi. Ne genotipin ne de barınma sisteminin bükülme üzerine herhangi bir etkisi bulunamadı. Sonuç olarak, kemik geometrisi ve biyomekanik özellikler, barınma sistemlerinden değil, genotipten etkilenmiştir. Hızlı gelişen etlik piliçler, yavaş gelişenlerden daha iyi kemik morfolojisine ve daha güçlü kemiklere sahip olduğu gözlendi. Bu nedenle hızlı gelişen genotip, etlik piliçlerde kemik gelişimi ve mekanik özellikleri üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağlayabilir. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two genotypes (slow-growing and fast-growing) and three housing systems (deep litter, plastic slat and free-range) on some bone biomechanical properties of broiler chickens and to evaluate the interaction between genotype and housing systems. Broilers from two genotypes were reared at three different housing conditions. Fifteen bones were randomly selected from each housing system in both slow-growing and fast-growing groups, and the experiment was performed on 90 bones in total. To determine bone characteristic and biomechanical traits of tibiotarsi, bones collected from right leg and then weighed, cortical area measurements and three-point bending tests were applied. Both live body weight and carcass weight were significantly affected by genotype and housing systems. There was no interaction between genotype and housing system in terms of bone weight, cortical area, breaking strength, bending strength, and deflection. Also, housing systems had no statistical effect on these parameters. Fast-growing broilers were significantly had heavier tibiotarsi, larger cortical area and higher breaking strength than slow-growing broilers, while bending strength was significantly lower in fast-growing broilers. Deflection was not affected by genotype or by housing system. In conclusion, bone geometry and biomechanical properties were not affected by housing systems but by genotype. Fast-growing broilers had better bone morphology and stronger bones than slow-growing genotype. Therefore, fast-growing genotype can provide positive effects on bone growth and mechanical properties in broilers.

The transition from fossil fuel vehicles to electric has increased rapidly in recent years to reduce carbon emissions and use accessible energy. The main obstacles to the widespread use of electric vehicles are limited battery capacities, long charging times, thermal management in sudden charge and discharge situations and thermal runaway risks. The adverse effects of non-homogeneous temperature distribution on electrically driven vehicles have demonstrated the necessity of a thermal management system. The most used thermal management systems in practice are air-cooled, cooling plate (pipe) systems and direct dielectric cooling systems, which have recently become widespread. This study focused on the thermal analyses of the different thermal cooling methods. All analyses have been conducted using Ansys Fluent software. It has been observed that the dielectric direct cooling method, which is the newest method, has a performance value of 12% better than other systems at 1C normal operating conditions.

This study aimed to compare some morphological and mechanical measurements of four different color female quails to contribute to the formation of the morphological database. Quails are the smallest farmed avian species which are becoming more important for the poultry industry. They are also used as experimental animals and are valuable birds for researches. Genetic factors are important determinants of bone strength. Thus, skeletal disorders may be reduced by breeding selection in quails. Forty female quails with four different feather colors, including wild, white, yellow, and black, were compared at 60 days of age. Each quail group contained ten individuals. A three-point bending test was performed with a custom-made testing machine designed for low strength materials. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of body weight. The tibiotarsus weight in wild and black (0,665±0,055g and 0,687±0,025g, respectively) was significantly lower than in the others but, the significant highest value was in white quails (0,758±0,063g) (p=0.001). Significantly shorter tibiotarsus was observed in the black quails (51,286±1,374mm), while the tibiotarsi of the white and yellow quails were the tallest (53,216±1,796mm and 53,083±1,092mm, respectively) (p=0.005). There were no significant differences among the groups in the biomechanical properties of tibiotarsus, except stiffness. Stiffness was the highest in the white quails (109,500±3,807 N/mm) and the lowest in the black quails (99,000±9,498 N/mm) (p=0.042). In conclusion, white quails have been observed to have relatively better bone biomechanical properties compared to the other color groups at 60 days of age.

The study aims to determine and compare bone mechanical and material properties in experimentally diabetic rats treated with ginger extract. Forty female, healthy Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into five groups; Control (C), Sham (S), Ginger (G), Diabetic (D), and Diabetic rats treated with Ginger (DG). Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. Ginger-treated rats received 200 mg/kg ginger extract by oral gavage in a 30-day-trial. At the end of the study, tibiae were harvested and subjected to a three-point bending test. Plasma samples were also analyzed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. It was observed that the bending strength significantly decreased in the groups Ginger (234.78 ± 16.79; P = 0.019) and the Diabetic (223.90 ± 29.90; P = 0.028) compared to group Control (275.75 ± 33.47). In addition, the bending strength of the diabetic rats treated with ginger (DG group; 251.92 ± 15.90) was also significantly higher than the rats in the Ginger and Diabetic groups (P = 0.032 and P = 0.037, respectively). Although the plasma calcium concentrations showed no differences among any of the groups, the plasma phosphorus levels decreased significantly in group Diabetic (3.47 ± 0.28; P = 0.05) compared to Control (5.11 ± 0.21). However, there was a significant increase in plasma phosphorus in group DG (4.32 ± 0.12; P = 0.05) compared to Diabetic. In conclusion, ginger extract treatment of diabetic rats improves bone material properties. The adverse effects of diabetes on the mechanical properties of the bone were prevented by using ginger extract in diabetic rats.