This study took a consumer sensory perspective to investigate the relationship between taste components and consumers’ preferences and emotions. Abdomen meat (M), hepatopancreas (H), and gonads (G) of Chinese mitten crabs, one from Chongming, the Jianghai 21 variety (C-JH), and two from Taixing, the Jianghai 21 (T-JH) and Yangtze II varieties (T-CJ), were used to evaluate flavor quality. The results indicated that in the abdomen meat, differences in taste components were mainly shown in the content of sweet amino acids, bitter amino acids, K⁺, and Ca²⁺; M-C-JH had the highest EUC value of 9.01 g/100 g. In the hepatopancreas, bitter amino acids were all significantly higher in H-C-JH (569.52 mg/100 g) than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In the gonads, the umami amino acid content was significantly higher in G-T-JH than in the other groups (p < 0.05) (EUC values: G-T-JH > G-C-JH > G-T-CJ). Consumer sensory responses showed that different edible parts of the crab evoked different emotions, with crab meat being closely associated with positive emotions and more complex emotional expressions for the hepatopancreas and gonads. In comparison, consumers were more emotionally positive when consuming Yangtze II crab. H-C-JH evoked negative emotions due to high bitter taste intensities. Multifactor analysis (MFA) showed arginine, alanine, glycine, proline, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ were found to have a positive correlation with consumer preference; an artificial neural network model with three neurons was built with good correlation (R² = 0.98). This study can provide a theoretical foundation for the breeding of Chinese mitten crabs, new insights into the river crab industry, and the consumer market.