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Dr. Mustafa Al Aukidy
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad,Iraq; Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

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0 Wastewater Treatment
0 Water Treatment
0 micropollutants
0 Environmental risks
0 environmental risk assessment

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Wastewater Treatment
micropollutants
Hospital wastewater
environmental risk assessment
Wastewater reuse

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Journal article
Published: 26 August 2021 in Water
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Most areas around the world lack fine rainfall records which are needed to derive Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves, and those that are available are in the form of daily data. Thus, the disaggregation of rainfall data from coarse to fine temporal resolution may offer a solution to that problem. Most of the previous studies have adopted only historical rainfall data as the predictor to disaggregate daily rainfall data to hourly resolution, while only a few studies have adopted other historical climate variables besides rainfall for such a purpose. Therefore, this study adopts and assesses the performance of two methods of rainfall disaggregation one uses for historical temperature and rainfall variables while the other uses only historical rainfall data for disaggregation. The two methods are applied to disaggregate the current observed and projected modeled daily rainfall data to an hourly scale for a small urban area in the United Kingdom. Then, the IDF curves for the current and future climates are derived for each case of disaggregation and compared. After which, the uncertainties associated with the difference between the two cases are assessed. The constructed IDF curves (for the two cases of disaggregation) agree in the sense that they both show that there is a big difference between the current and future climates for all durations and frequencies. However, the uncertainty related to the difference between the results of the constructed IDF curves (for the two cases of disaggregation) for each climate is considerable, especially for short durations and long return periods. In addition, the projected and current rainfall values based on disaggregation case which adopts historical temperature and rainfall variables were higher than the corresponding projections and current values based on only rainfall data for the disaggregation.

ACS Style

Sherien Fadhel; Mustafa Al Aukidy; May Samir Saleh. Uncertainty of Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves Due to Adoption or Otherwise of the Temperature Climate Variable in Rainfall Disaggregation. Water 2021, 13, 2337 .

AMA Style

Sherien Fadhel, Mustafa Al Aukidy, May Samir Saleh. Uncertainty of Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves Due to Adoption or Otherwise of the Temperature Climate Variable in Rainfall Disaggregation. Water. 2021; 13 (17):2337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sherien Fadhel; Mustafa Al Aukidy; May Samir Saleh. 2021. "Uncertainty of Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves Due to Adoption or Otherwise of the Temperature Climate Variable in Rainfall Disaggregation." Water 13, no. 17: 2337.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2018 in Water
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The study deals with the evaluation of the recreational benefit of a reclaimed water reuse project in the municipality of Ferrara, north Italy, by means of the contingent valuation method. It also provides an analysis of the public acceptance of the project, determined by eliciting the willingness of the local people to contribute to the realization of this project in monetary terms (their willingness to pay). The project involves the upgrade of the existing wastewater treatment plant by conventional (rapid sand filters) and natural (constructed wetland) treatments. The latter will be constructed within the urban park surrounding the wastewater treatment plant area and will combine the objectives of both wastewater treatment with recreational services, since they will create equipped green areas open to the public. The study is based on the answers provided by 400 respondents, who are residents in the four districts of the municipality of Ferrara. It emerges that willingness to pay is strongly influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, with an amount on average of 48 €/family.

ACS Style

Verlicchi Paola; Al Aukidy Mustafa; Zanni Giacomo. Willingness to Pay for Recreational Benefit Evaluation in a Wastewater Reuse Project. Analysis of a Case Study. Water 2018, 10, 922 .

AMA Style

Verlicchi Paola, Al Aukidy Mustafa, Zanni Giacomo. Willingness to Pay for Recreational Benefit Evaluation in a Wastewater Reuse Project. Analysis of a Case Study. Water. 2018; 10 (7):922.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Verlicchi Paola; Al Aukidy Mustafa; Zanni Giacomo. 2018. "Willingness to Pay for Recreational Benefit Evaluation in a Wastewater Reuse Project. Analysis of a Case Study." Water 10, no. 7: 922.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2018 in Chemosphere
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Lab-scale experiments using real groundwater were carried out using the CabECO® reactor system in order to evaluate its suitability for producing safe water, acceptable for civil purposes. Trials were carried out in discontinuous and in continuous mode, analyzing the influence of electrical and hydraulic process parameters on the quality of treated water. The use of highly boron-doped diamond electrodes in the reactor allowed the electrosynthesis of considerable amounts of ozone. Because of the relatively high amount of chloride in the groundwater samples, a mixture of HOCl/ClO− was also synthesized. Somewhat unexpectedly, the increase in the current density in the explored range 100–1000 A m−2 was accompanied by an increase in the faradaic yield of the electrosynthesis of oxidants, which was more pronounced for ozone than for free chlorine. As reported in literature, the main radical intermediate in the relevant reactions is OH, which can lead to different oxidation products, namely ozone and HOCl/ClO−. The electrolytic treatment also caused a decrease in the concentration of minor components, including NH4+ and Br−. Other byproducts were ClO3− and ClO4−, although their concentration levels were low. Moreover, due to alkali formation at the cathode surface, the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates was also observed. In addition, the experimental investigation showed that even Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella could be completely removed in the treated stream, due to the unique capacity of the reactor to synthesize biocidal agents like ozone, HOCl/ClO−, and chloramines. These effects were particularly evident during batch experiments.

ACS Style

Achille De Battisti; Paolo Formaglio; Sergio Ferro; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 2018, 207, 101 -109.

AMA Style

Achille De Battisti, Paolo Formaglio, Sergio Ferro, Mustafa Al Aukidy, Paola Verlicchi. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere. 2018; 207 ():101-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achille De Battisti; Paolo Formaglio; Sergio Ferro; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. 2018. "Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process." Chemosphere 207, no. : 101-109.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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The impact of combined sewer overflow (CSO) on the receiving water body is an issue of increasing concern, as it may lead to restrictions in the use and destination of the receiving body, such as bathing or recreational area closures, fish and shellfish consumption restrictions, and contamination of drinking water resources. Recent investigations have mainly referred to the occurrence and loads of suspended solids, organic compounds and, in some cases, micropollutants. Attempts have been made to find correlations between the discharged load and the size and characteristics of the catchment area, climate conditions, rainfall duration and intensity. This study refers to a touristic coastal area in the north-east of Italy, which is characterized by a combined sewer network including 5 CSO outfalls which, in the case of heavy rain events, directly discharge the exceeding water flow rate into channels which, after a short distance, reach the Adriatic Sea. The study analyzed: i) rainfall events during the summer period in 2014 which led to overflow in the different outfalls, ii) the inter- and intra-event variability with regard to E. coli, Enterococci and conductivity, and iii) the hydraulic and pollutant (E. coli and Enterococci) loads discharged by the local wastewater treatment plant and by all the CSO outfalls. Finally, it estimated the contribution of each source to the released hydraulic and pollutant loads into the receiving water body. Moreover, it was also found that the modest water volume discharged by all CSO outfalls (only 8% of the total volume discharged by the area) contains >90% of the microbial load.

ACS Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi. Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 607-608, 483 -496.

AMA Style

M. Al Aukidy, P. Verlicchi. Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 607-608 ():483-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi. 2017. "Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area." Science of The Total Environment 607-608, no. : 483-496.

Chapter
Published: 09 March 2017 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the occurrence of common pollutants and pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents. These common pollutants include a myriad of biological, inorganic and organic pollutants. Daily and weekly concentration variability is presented for many of the covered pollutants. Particular attention is given to heavy metals (gadolinium and platinum) and pharmaceuticals commonly used in hospitals. For pharmaceuticals, the prevalent therapeutic categories are presented and are found to be dependent on the type of healthcare facility – general hospital, specialized hospitals, wards, and units.

ACS Style

Tiago S. Oliveira; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2017, 17 -32.

AMA Style

Tiago S. Oliveira, Mustafa Al Aukidy, Paola Verlicchi. Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2017; ():17-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiago S. Oliveira; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. 2017. "Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 17-32.

Review article
Published: 16 February 2015 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study overviews lessons learned from experimental investigations on dedicated treatment systems of hospital effluent carried out worldwide in the last twenty years. It includes 48 peer reviewed papers from 1995 to 2015 assessing the efficacy of different treatment levels (preliminary, primary, secondary and polishing) of hospital wastewater in removing a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical compounds as well as conventional contaminants. Moreover, it highlights the rationale and the reasons for each study: reducing the discharge of micropollutants in surface water, improving existing wastewater treatment technologies and reducing the risk of spread of pathogens causing endemic diseases and finally, it offers a critical analysis of the conclusions and suggestions of each study. The most investigated technologies are membrane bioreactors equipped with ultrafiltration membranes in the secondary step, ozonation followed by activated carbon filtration (in powder and in granules) in the polishing step. Interesting research projects deal with photo-Fenton processes acting as primary treatments to enhance biodegradation before biological treatment, and as a polishing step, thus further reducing micro-contaminant occurrence. Investment and operational costs are also presented and discussed for the different treatment technologies tested worldwide, in particular membrane bioreactors and various advanced oxidation processes. This study also discusses the need for further research to evaluate toxicity resulting from advanced oxidation processes as well as the need to develop an accurate feasibility study that encompasses technical, ecotoxicological and economic aspects to identify the best available treatment in the different situations from a global view point.

ACS Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; E. Zambello. What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent? — An overview and a discussion on perspectives. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 514, 467 -491.

AMA Style

P. Verlicchi, M. Al Aukidy, E. Zambello. What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent? — An overview and a discussion on perspectives. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 514 ():467-491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; E. Zambello. 2015. "What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent? — An overview and a discussion on perspectives." Science of The Total Environment 514, no. : 467-491.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2014 in Science of The Total Environment
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The consumption of pharmaceuticals is increasing in both hospitals and households. After administration, many compounds enter the water cycle as parent compounds or their metabolites via excretion. Conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants are unable to efficiently remove all the different compounds found in sewage and, consequently, treated effluents are one of the main sources of persistent micropollutants in the environment. Hospital patients are administered relatively high quantities of drugs and therefore hospital wastewaters can consistently contribute to treatment plant influent loads, with the magnitude of environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents largely unknown. This study has therefore developed a framework to enable authorities responsible for hospital management and environmental health to evaluate such risk, considering site-specific information such as the contribution of human population and hospital sizes, wastewater treatment removal efficiency, and potential dilution in the receiving water body. The framework was applied to three case studies, that are representative of frequent situations in many countries, and findings demonstrated that the degree of risk posed by any compound was site-specific and depended on a combination of several factors: compound concentration and toxicity, compound removal efficiency in the wastewater treatment plant and dilution factor. Oflaxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole were identified as compounds of concern and might require management in order to reduce ris

ACS Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi; Nikolaos Voulvoulis. A framework for the assessment of the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents. Science of The Total Environment 2014, 493, 54 -64.

AMA Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy, Paola Verlicchi, Nikolaos Voulvoulis. A framework for the assessment of the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents. Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 493 ():54-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi; Nikolaos Voulvoulis. 2014. "A framework for the assessment of the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents." Science of The Total Environment 493, no. : 54-64.

Comparative study
Published: 01 February 2014 in Science of The Total Environment
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The study was conducted on the catchment area of a large municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Po Valley, Italy, and its receiving water body. The occurrence (exposure assessment) of 11 antibiotics for human use and the common anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine was monitored at three sampling points, namely the WWTP influent and effluent and downstream of the discharge point in the receiving water body. At the same time, estimated figures for local consumption of the selected pharmaceuticals, based on their national sales, were used to predict the environmental concentrations of the same compounds at the same sampling points by means of appropriate prediction models. Comparison of predicted and measured values showed that the former were accurate for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and roxithromycin in the influent and effluent, and the latter for azithromycin, trimethoprim and carbamazepine. For all the other compounds and sampling points, the differences were considerable. The reasons behind these differences are discussed, and a comparison with previous results found in other studies is reported

ACS Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; A. Jelic; M. Petrović; Damià Barceló. Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water: A case study of a catchment area in the Po Valley (Italy). Science of The Total Environment 2014, 470-471, 844 -854.

AMA Style

P. Verlicchi, M. Al Aukidy, A. Jelic, M. Petrović, Damià Barceló. Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water: A case study of a catchment area in the Po Valley (Italy). Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 470-471 ():844-854.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; A. Jelic; M. Petrović; Damià Barceló. 2014. "Comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water: A case study of a catchment area in the Po Valley (Italy)." Science of The Total Environment 470-471, no. : 844-854.

Comparative study
Published: 08 September 2012 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study describes an investigation on the occurrence of 27 pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to different classes, in the effluent from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving water bodies in the sensitive area of the Po Valley (northern Italy). These canals were monitored upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge points in order to evaluate the effluent impact on the quality of surface waters, commonly used for irrigation. An environmental risk assessment was also conducted by calculating the risk quotient, i.e. the ratio between measured concentration and predicted no effect concentration. Collected data show that, although average values of the selected compounds were in general higher in the effluent than in the surface waters, some compounds not detected in the WWTP effluent were detected in the receiving water (upstream as well as downstream), indicating that sources other than treated effluents are present as contaminations during extraction and analysis have to be excluded. The most critical compounds for the environment were found to be the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, clarithromycin and azithromycin. The study shows that the potential toxicological effects of persistent micropollutants can be mitigated to some extent by a high dilution capacity, i.e. a high average flow rate in the receiving water body with respect to the effluent.

ACS Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi; A. Jelic; M. Petrovic; D. Barcelò. Monitoring release of pharmaceutical compounds: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of two WWTP effluents and their receiving bodies in the Po Valley, Italy. Science of The Total Environment 2012, 438, 15 -25.

AMA Style

M. Al Aukidy, P. Verlicchi, A. Jelic, M. Petrovic, D. Barcelò. Monitoring release of pharmaceutical compounds: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of two WWTP effluents and their receiving bodies in the Po Valley, Italy. Science of The Total Environment. 2012; 438 ():15-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi; A. Jelic; M. Petrovic; D. Barcelò. 2012. "Monitoring release of pharmaceutical compounds: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of two WWTP effluents and their receiving bodies in the Po Valley, Italy." Science of The Total Environment 438, no. : 15-25.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2012 in Journal of Hydrology
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The paper presents a study carried out in the environmentally sensitive area of the Po Valley in northern Italy, with the aim of evaluating, from technical and economic perspectives, a project to reuse part of the final effluent from the Ferrara wastewater treatment plant for irrigation and to develop the site for recreational purposes. Although this area features plentiful supplies of surface water, the Ministry of the Environment has declared it to be at risk of environmental crises due to eutrophication and the drought recurring over the last decade. Thus the availability of fresh water, particularly for agricultural purposes, is threatened, and prompt water saving and protection measures are required. Hence, the possibility of reusing reclaimed wastewater from this plant was investigated, with the aim of exploiting the space around the WWTP, situated within a large urban park, to install natural polishing treatment systems and create green spaces for recreational use. Based on experimental investigation on a pilot plant (featuring both natural and conventional treatments), the study outlines the rationale behind the treatment train selected for the project, details the initial and ongoing costs involved, evaluates the benefits deriving from the project, and assesses public acceptance of the project by the contingent valuation method. A cost–benefit analysis completes the study, and various economic indicators (net present value, benefit–cost ratio, pay-back period, and internal rate of return) revealed that the proposed project was financially feasible.

ACS Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; A. Galletti; E. Zambello; G. Zanni; L. Masotti. A project of reuse of reclaimed wastewater in the Po Valley, Italy: Polishing sequence and cost benefit analysis. Journal of Hydrology 2012, 432-433, 127 -136.

AMA Style

P. Verlicchi, M. Al Aukidy, A. Galletti, E. Zambello, G. Zanni, L. Masotti. A project of reuse of reclaimed wastewater in the Po Valley, Italy: Polishing sequence and cost benefit analysis. Journal of Hydrology. 2012; 432-433 ():127-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Verlicchi; M. Al Aukidy; A. Galletti; E. Zambello; G. Zanni; L. Masotti. 2012. "A project of reuse of reclaimed wastewater in the Po Valley, Italy: Polishing sequence and cost benefit analysis." Journal of Hydrology 432-433, no. : 127-136.