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Prof. Dr. Paola Verlicchi
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Constructed Wetlands
0 Disinfection
0 Wastewater treatment and options for reuse
0 Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in water
0 Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater

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Wastewater treatment and options for reuse
Constructed Wetlands
Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater
Disinfection
Hospital effluent management and treatment
Polishing treatments

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Review
Published: 27 May 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study consists of a review on the removal efficiencies of a wide spectrum of micropollutants (MPs) in biological treatment (mainly membrane bioreactor) coupled with activated carbon (AC) (AC added in the bioreactor or followed by an AC unit, acting as a post treatment). It focuses on how the presence of AC may promote the removal of MPs and the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater. Removal data collected of MPs are analysed versus AC dose if powdered AC is added in the bioreactor, and as a function of the empty bed contact time in the case of a granular activated carbon (GAC) column acting as a post treatment. Moreover, the enhancement in macropollutant (organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) removal is analysed as well as the AC mitigation effect towards membrane fouling and, finally, how sludge properties may change in the presence of AC. To sum up, it was found that AC improves the removal of most MPs, favouring their sorption on the AC surface, promoted by the presence of different functional groups and then enhancing their degradation processes. DOM is a strong competitor in sorption on the AC surface, but it may promote the transformation of GAC in a biologically activated carbon thus enhancing all the degradation processes. Finally, AC in the bioreactor increases sludge floc strength and improves its settling characteristics and sorption potential.

ACS Style

Marina Gutiérrez; Vittoria Grillini; Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović; Paola Verlicchi. Activated carbon coupled with advanced biological wastewater treatment: A review of the enhancement in micropollutant removal. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 790, 148050 .

AMA Style

Marina Gutiérrez, Vittoria Grillini, Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović, Paola Verlicchi. Activated carbon coupled with advanced biological wastewater treatment: A review of the enhancement in micropollutant removal. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 790 ():148050.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Gutiérrez; Vittoria Grillini; Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović; Paola Verlicchi. 2021. "Activated carbon coupled with advanced biological wastewater treatment: A review of the enhancement in micropollutant removal." Science of The Total Environment 790, no. : 148050.

Review article
Published: 19 October 2020 in Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health
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Recently, investigations of hospital effluent management and treatment have not only interested research groups with acquired experience in the field, but have also attracted the interest of new groups over the world. The most recent literature provides new insights into the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern, pathogens, viruses, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in hospital effluent in various new developing and developed countries. It also provides information on the effective removal of key compounds (mainly antibiotics, analgesics, beta-blockers and chemotherapy drugs) by means of enhanced biological treatments and advanced oxidation processes. The current debate among the scientific community is mainly about the proper treatment to reduce the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes and about the feasibility (from a technical and economic point of view) of treatment trains tested at lab and pilot scales.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi. Trends, new insights and perspectives in the treatment of hospital effluents. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2020, 19, 100217 -100217.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi. Trends, new insights and perspectives in the treatment of hospital effluents. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2020; 19 ():100217-100217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi. 2020. "Trends, new insights and perspectives in the treatment of hospital effluents." Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 19, no. : 100217-100217.

Chapter
Published: 13 October 2020 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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This chapter deals with investigations carried out over the last 5 years on hospital effluent in terms of the occurrence of micropollutants; new and promising technologies tested to improve the removal of key compounds (including emerging contaminants); the environmental and health risk assessments of pharmaceutical residues and pathogens; and, finally, some of the strategies adopted in hospital effluent management and treatments through the discussion of some case studies. It emerges that the occurrence and treatment of hospital effluent are becoming issues of increasing concern also for countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Iran and Colombia, whose research groups had not actively participated in the worldwide debate thus far. Their interest in these topics highlights the shared, global awareness of the need to adopt safe, economic and technically feasible technologies for the treatment of hospital effluent to reduce the impact on the aquatic environment of hazardous substances typically administered or used in healthcare facilities. The experiences reported and discussed herein demonstrate the worldwide efforts that have been made and are still ongoing with the aim of reaching Sustainable Millennium Goal number 6 “Improve Clean Water and Sanitation” by 2030, as defined by the World Health Organization.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi. New Insights into the Occurrence of Micropollutants and the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluent. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2020, 53 -96.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi. New Insights into the Occurrence of Micropollutants and the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluent. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2020; ():53-96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi. 2020. "New Insights into the Occurrence of Micropollutants and the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluent." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 53-96.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The release of micropollutants in surface water depends on different sources and on different pathways. Through substance flow analysis, this study estimates the annual load of two pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole) in a catchment area, due to different emission pathways: wastewater treatment plant effluent, combined sewer overflows, and runoff from sludge and manure amended soil. It emerged that wastewater treatment plant effluent is the main emission pathway for carbamazepine (98.5% referring to the total released annual load) and land runoff (98%) for sulfamethoxazole. The study also investigates the parameters (including manure disposed on the land, removal efficiency and combined sewer overflow flowrate) which mostly influence the results, and those which are affected by higher uncertainty. The most uncertain parameters are those determining the fate of pharmaceuticals once in soil and surface water. The study concludes with a comparison between the predicted concentrations in different points of the receiving water body of the two key compounds, modeled with substance flow analysis, and those directly measured in a dedicated sampling campaign. The main discrepancies were found for sulfamethoxazole. Future research focusing on monitoring campaigns under different weather conditions and in different environmental compartments (soil and water) will certainly provide new insights in this kind of study.

ACS Style

Andrea Ghirardini; Ottavia Zoboli; Matthias Zessner; Paola Verlicchi. Most relevant sources and emission pathways of pollution for selected pharmaceuticals in a catchment area based on substance flow analysis. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 751, 142328 .

AMA Style

Andrea Ghirardini, Ottavia Zoboli, Matthias Zessner, Paola Verlicchi. Most relevant sources and emission pathways of pollution for selected pharmaceuticals in a catchment area based on substance flow analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 751 ():142328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Ghirardini; Ottavia Zoboli; Matthias Zessner; Paola Verlicchi. 2020. "Most relevant sources and emission pathways of pollution for selected pharmaceuticals in a catchment area based on substance flow analysis." Science of The Total Environment 751, no. : 142328.

Book chapter
Published: 07 August 2020 in Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues
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In reclaimed water reuse projects, the focus is generally to develop technical issues (most adequate treatment selection, water quality in the final effluent, and satisfaction of water demand). Sometimes investments and operational and maintenance costs are also estimated with regard to the construction or upgrading of the wastewater treatment. Less frequently, projects also include an economic evaluation that considers the costs and benefits related to the project development, in order to evaluate whether the project is feasible from both a technical and an economic view point. This evaluation may be performed at different levels of analysis both in terms of costs and benefits. This chapter presents how the feasibility of reclaimed water reuse projects may be performed in both technical and economic terms through the discussion of a selection of projects for direct reuse for irrigation and recreational purposes. It emerges that different types of benefits may be considered and evaluated using different methods, including the contingent valuation method and the travel cost method. The chapter aims to provide new insights for a more comprehensive technical-economical evaluation of reclaimed water reuse projects. The approach followed is to discuss applied methodologies without entering into the analysis of the collected results in specific case studies. For this reason, data are reported only in those cases where exemplification may help understand the project development. The chapter concludes with some considerations on decision-support models: more complex tools which can help conduct a technical and economic feasibility analysis of the project.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Giacomo Zanni. Feasibility evaluation in reclaimed water reuse projects through the analysis of some case studies. Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues 2020, 221 -252.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Giacomo Zanni. Feasibility evaluation in reclaimed water reuse projects through the analysis of some case studies. Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues. 2020; ():221-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Giacomo Zanni. 2020. "Feasibility evaluation in reclaimed water reuse projects through the analysis of some case studies." Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues , no. : 221-252.

Review
Published: 20 January 2020 in Water
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According to a recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO), the countries which still have limited access to water for drinking purposes are mainly those in the Sub-Saharan region. In this context, the current study provides an overview of the quality of surface water and groundwater in rural and peri-urban areas of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Mozambique (MZ) in terms of concentrations of conventional pollutants, inorganic chemicals, microorganisms, and micropollutants. Their values were compared with the drinking water standards available for the two countries. Regarding surface water, it was found that microorganisms occur at high concentrations; nickel (RSA) and boron (MZ) are other critical parameters. Regarding groundwater, arsenic and lead (RSA) and boron, sodium, and chloride (MZ) are the main critical substances. With regard to micropollutants, their surface water concentrations are much higher than those in European rivers. The highest values were for ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, clozapine, and estriol. Suitable treatment is necessary to produce safe water depending on the main critical pollutants but, at the same time, action should be taken to improve wastewater treatment in rural areas to improve and safeguard surface water bodies and groundwater which are sources for drinking needs.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Vittoria Grillini. Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection. Water 2020, 12, 305 .

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Vittoria Grillini. Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection. Water. 2020; 12 (1):305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Vittoria Grillini. 2020. "Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection." Water 12, no. 1: 305.

Chapter
Published: 02 January 2020 in Fate and Effects of Anticancer Drugs in the Environment
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The chapter deals with the occurrence of a selection of anticancer drugs in different water environments: hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents, surface water, sea water, and drinking water. Unfortunately, no data are available for groundwater up to now. The chapter presents and discusses measured environmental concentrations of anticancer drugs collected in 56 peer-reviewed papers referring to investigations carried out in 18 countries all over the world. It focuses on the variability of observed concentrations in the different environments, and it highlights the importance of planning efficient sampling strategies in order to obtain representative water samples. The highest concentrations in hospital effluents were found for platinum-based compounds and 5-fluorouracil (> 105 ng L−1), in the influent for ciprofloxacin (> 103 ng L−1), in the effluent for platinum-based compounds, ifosfamide and bicalutamide (> 103 ng L−1), and in surface water for cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, ciprofloxacin, and bicalutamide (> 102 ng L−1). In addition, a comparison is provided between measured and predicted concentrations of some anticancer drugs and a brief discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches is reported.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Aina Campos Garrigós; Mustafa Al Aukidy. Occurrence of Cytostatics in Different Water Compartments. Fate and Effects of Anticancer Drugs in the Environment 2020, 221 -244.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Aina Campos Garrigós, Mustafa Al Aukidy. Occurrence of Cytostatics in Different Water Compartments. Fate and Effects of Anticancer Drugs in the Environment. 2020; ():221-244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Aina Campos Garrigós; Mustafa Al Aukidy. 2020. "Occurrence of Cytostatics in Different Water Compartments." Fate and Effects of Anticancer Drugs in the Environment , no. : 221-244.

Review
Published: 15 December 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study consists of a review based on 104 papers published between 1980 and 2019, which dealt with the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and a selection of microorganisms in raw and treated manure from different types of animal farms. The selected pharmaceuticals and hormones are those regularly administered to livestock for treating and preventing diseases. Worldwide, manure is commonly spread on soil as a fertilizer due to its nutrient content. However, this practice also represents a potential pathway for micropollutant release into the environment. In this context, this study evaluates the predicted concentrations of some antibiotics in soil after the application of swine slurry on soil and compares them with corresponding measured concentrations found in the literature. Enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were the antibiotics with the highest concentrations that were found in raw and treated manure and that showed a high risk together with sulfamethazine. Future research should focus on monitoring other pathogens, parent compounds and their main metabolites in raw and treated manure, studying the spread and development of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment due to residues of antibiotics in manure applied to soil, and evaluating predicted no effect concentrations of pharmaceuticals and hormones commonly administered to livestock with regard to terrestrial organisms.

ACS Style

A. Ghirardini; V. Grillini; P. Verlicchi. A review of the occurrence of selected micropollutants and microorganisms in different raw and treated manure – Environmental risk due to antibiotics after application to soil. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 707, 136118 .

AMA Style

A. Ghirardini, V. Grillini, P. Verlicchi. A review of the occurrence of selected micropollutants and microorganisms in different raw and treated manure – Environmental risk due to antibiotics after application to soil. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 707 ():136118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Ghirardini; V. Grillini; P. Verlicchi. 2019. "A review of the occurrence of selected micropollutants and microorganisms in different raw and treated manure – Environmental risk due to antibiotics after application to soil." Science of The Total Environment 707, no. : 136118.

Proceedings
Published: 12 November 2019 in Proceedings
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According to a recent report by World Health Organization, the countries which still have limited access to water for drinking purposes are mainly those in the Sub-Saharan region. (Potential) water sources for drinking needs may contain different contaminants. In this context, the current study consists in an overview of the quality of surface water and groundwater in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Mozambique (MZ) and provides the variability ranges of the concentrations of the main pollutants in the two countries. Chemical and physical characteristics and concentrations of macropollutants, inorganic compounds (metals) and selected microorganisms were collected for surface water and groundwater and compared with the standards for drinking water set in the two countries. It was found that in surface water, microorganisms were always at very high concentrations. In addition, nickel (in RSA) and boron and chlorine (in MZ) were the most critical compounds. It emerged that in groundwater, arsenic, lead and chlorine (in RSA) and boron, sodium and chlorine (in MZ) were the main critical pollutants. Adequate treatments in the construction of new drinking water plants in rural areas should be selected on the basis of these most critical compounds and their observed variability over time.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Vittoria Grillini. Surface and Groundwater Quality in South African Area—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes. Proceedings 2019, 48, 3 .

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Vittoria Grillini. Surface and Groundwater Quality in South African Area—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes. Proceedings. 2019; 48 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Vittoria Grillini. 2019. "Surface and Groundwater Quality in South African Area—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes." Proceedings 48, no. 1: 3.

Proceedings
Published: 12 November 2019 in Proceedings
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Even though Ecuador is a country with one of the highest concentration of rivers per square kilometer, its water resources are of poor quality d there is a lack of drinking water and sewage systems for its population. In 2013, only 34% of the rural population had access to drinking water and 25% to sewerage services. This is because of a lack of infrastructure and the necessary budgets allocated to them. This paper deals with a proposal for water purification that consists of the use of the Moringa olifeira plant to facilitate the flocculation process, considering that its use reduces the costs associated with the water treatment and minimizes the concentration of metals in the residual sludge. The dosage effects of the plant seeds during the flocculation processes were explored with Jar tests using a solution in doses from 250 to 350 mg per liter of water and then evaluating Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity as selected response variables. The COD reduction goes from the 45% to 55% while the turbidity reduction goes from the 77% to 81%, making the use of the plant possible and feasible.

ACS Style

Estefania Aviles Sacoto; Paola Verlicchi. A New Alternative for Flocculation with Moringa Oleifera in Ecuador. Proceedings 2019, 48, 24 .

AMA Style

Estefania Aviles Sacoto, Paola Verlicchi. A New Alternative for Flocculation with Moringa Oleifera in Ecuador. Proceedings. 2019; 48 (1):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Aviles Sacoto; Paola Verlicchi. 2019. "A New Alternative for Flocculation with Moringa Oleifera in Ecuador." Proceedings 48, no. 1: 24.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2019 in Water
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The monitoring of micropollutants in water compartments, in particular pharmaceuticals and personal care products, has become an issue of increasing concern over the last decade. Their occurrence in surface and groundwater, raw wastewater and treated effluents, along with the removal efficiency achieved by different technologies, have been the subjects of many studies published recently. The concentrations of these contaminants may vary widely over a given time period (day, week, month, or year). In this context, this paper investigates the average concentration and removal efficiency obtained by adopting four different sampling modes: grab sampling, 24-h time proportional, flow proportional and volume proportional composite sampling. This analysis is carried out by considering three ideal micropollutants presenting different concentration curves versus time (day). It compares the percentage deviations between the ideal concentration (and removal efficiencies) and the differently measured concentrations (removal efficiencies) and provides hints as to the best sampling mode to adopt when planning a monitoring campaign depending on the substances under study. It concludes that the flow proportional composite sampling mode is, in general, the approach which leads to the most reliable measurement of concentrations and removal efficiencies even though, in specific cases, the other modes can also be correctly adopted.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Andrea Ghirardini. Occurrence of Micropollutants in Wastewater and Evaluation of Their Removal Efficiency in Treatment Trains: The Influence of the Adopted Sampling Mode. Water 2019, 11, 1152 .

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Andrea Ghirardini. Occurrence of Micropollutants in Wastewater and Evaluation of Their Removal Efficiency in Treatment Trains: The Influence of the Adopted Sampling Mode. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Andrea Ghirardini. 2019. "Occurrence of Micropollutants in Wastewater and Evaluation of Their Removal Efficiency in Treatment Trains: The Influence of the Adopted Sampling Mode." Water 11, no. 6: 1152.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2019 in Water
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This paper presents and discusses the results of a study carried out in Ecuador, where the zootechnical sector represents one of the country’s most important economic activities. It is, however, the source of many environmental problems, including the release of untreated liquid effluents and odorous emissions, and the production and disposal of solid wastes. The main aim of this study was to propose a treatment train for the zootechnical farm wastewater, combining natural systems (i.e., lagoons and subsurface flow beds) with conventional technologies and a cost-benefit analysis. With reference to a specific case study, the different steps of the treatment train were designed and the corresponding construction, operational and maintenance costs evaluated. To better assess the technical and economic feasibility of such a proposal, a cost-benefit analysis was carried out. The social benefit was evaluated by means of the contingent valuation method and a focus on the methodology and collected results was reported. The main findings discussed, in terms of selected treatments, their costs, and the financial and economic analysis of the project, could be useful for administrators, decision-makers and all technicians involved in planning and management of zootechnical farm wastewaters in developing countries, in particular in Latin America.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Estefania C. Avilés Sacoto; Giacomo Zanni. Zootechnical Farm Wastewaters in Ecuador: A Treatment Proposal and Cost-benefit Analysis. Water 2019, 11, 779 .

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Estefania C. Avilés Sacoto, Giacomo Zanni. Zootechnical Farm Wastewaters in Ecuador: A Treatment Proposal and Cost-benefit Analysis. Water. 2019; 11 (4):779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Estefania C. Avilés Sacoto; Giacomo Zanni. 2019. "Zootechnical Farm Wastewaters in Ecuador: A Treatment Proposal and Cost-benefit Analysis." Water 11, no. 4: 779.

Review
Published: 20 November 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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The objective of this study is to provide a snapshot of the quality of surface runoff and tile drainage in sludge-amended soil in terms of 57 microcontaminants, including pharmaceuticals, hormones and fragrances, and 5 different species of bacteria. It also discusses the main factors affecting their occurrence (soil characteristics, applied sludge load and rate, sludge application method, rain intensity and frequency). It is based on 38 investigations carried out by different research groups in Canada, Australia, the USA and Ireland. The most frequently investigated compounds were hormones, the antiseptics triclosan and triclocarban, the analgesics and anti-inflammatories acetaminophen, ibuprofen and naproxen, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the lipid regulator gemfibrozil and the psychiatric drug carbamazepine. Of all the bacteria, E. coli was the most monitored species. It was found that concentrations of the studied pollutants in surface runoff and tile drainage may vary, depending on many factors. They are generally lower than those observed in the secondary municipal effluent and in surface water, but their contribution to the deterioration of surface water quality might be relevant, mainly in wide rural areas. In this context, the reported data or their ranges represent an attempt to provide reference thresholds and bands of observed concentrations for a rough estimation of the contribution made by the release of the selected pollutants into surface water bodies via surface runoff and tile drainage.

ACS Style

A. Ghirardini; P. Verlicchi. A review of selected microcontaminants and microorganisms in land runoff and tile drainage in treated sludge-amended soils. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 655, 939 -957.

AMA Style

A. Ghirardini, P. Verlicchi. A review of selected microcontaminants and microorganisms in land runoff and tile drainage in treated sludge-amended soils. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 655 ():939-957.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Ghirardini; P. Verlicchi. 2018. "A review of selected microcontaminants and microorganisms in land runoff and tile drainage in treated sludge-amended soils." Science of The Total Environment 655, no. : 939-957.

Books and software in review
Published: 15 November 2018 in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi. Silvio Vaz Jr.: Analytical chemistry applied to emerging pollutants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2018, 411, 289 -290.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi. Silvio Vaz Jr.: Analytical chemistry applied to emerging pollutants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2018; 411 (2):289-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi. 2018. "Silvio Vaz Jr.: Analytical chemistry applied to emerging pollutants." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 411, no. 2: 289-290.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2018 in Chemosphere
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Lab-scale experiments using real groundwater were carried out using the CabECO® reactor system in order to evaluate its suitability for producing safe water, acceptable for civil purposes. Trials were carried out in discontinuous and in continuous mode, analyzing the influence of electrical and hydraulic process parameters on the quality of treated water. The use of highly boron-doped diamond electrodes in the reactor allowed the electrosynthesis of considerable amounts of ozone. Because of the relatively high amount of chloride in the groundwater samples, a mixture of HOCl/ClO− was also synthesized. Somewhat unexpectedly, the increase in the current density in the explored range 100–1000 A m−2 was accompanied by an increase in the faradaic yield of the electrosynthesis of oxidants, which was more pronounced for ozone than for free chlorine. As reported in literature, the main radical intermediate in the relevant reactions is OH, which can lead to different oxidation products, namely ozone and HOCl/ClO−. The electrolytic treatment also caused a decrease in the concentration of minor components, including NH4+ and Br−. Other byproducts were ClO3− and ClO4−, although their concentration levels were low. Moreover, due to alkali formation at the cathode surface, the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates was also observed. In addition, the experimental investigation showed that even Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella could be completely removed in the treated stream, due to the unique capacity of the reactor to synthesize biocidal agents like ozone, HOCl/ClO−, and chloramines. These effects were particularly evident during batch experiments.

ACS Style

Achille De Battisti; Paolo Formaglio; Sergio Ferro; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere 2018, 207, 101 -109.

AMA Style

Achille De Battisti, Paolo Formaglio, Sergio Ferro, Mustafa Al Aukidy, Paola Verlicchi. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. Chemosphere. 2018; 207 ():101-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Achille De Battisti; Paolo Formaglio; Sergio Ferro; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. 2018. "Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use – An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process." Chemosphere 207, no. : 101-109.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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The impact of combined sewer overflow (CSO) on the receiving water body is an issue of increasing concern, as it may lead to restrictions in the use and destination of the receiving body, such as bathing or recreational area closures, fish and shellfish consumption restrictions, and contamination of drinking water resources. Recent investigations have mainly referred to the occurrence and loads of suspended solids, organic compounds and, in some cases, micropollutants. Attempts have been made to find correlations between the discharged load and the size and characteristics of the catchment area, climate conditions, rainfall duration and intensity. This study refers to a touristic coastal area in the north-east of Italy, which is characterized by a combined sewer network including 5 CSO outfalls which, in the case of heavy rain events, directly discharge the exceeding water flow rate into channels which, after a short distance, reach the Adriatic Sea. The study analyzed: i) rainfall events during the summer period in 2014 which led to overflow in the different outfalls, ii) the inter- and intra-event variability with regard to E. coli, Enterococci and conductivity, and iii) the hydraulic and pollutant (E. coli and Enterococci) loads discharged by the local wastewater treatment plant and by all the CSO outfalls. Finally, it estimated the contribution of each source to the released hydraulic and pollutant loads into the receiving water body. Moreover, it was also found that the modest water volume discharged by all CSO outfalls (only 8% of the total volume discharged by the area) contains >90% of the microbial load.

ACS Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi. Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 607-608, 483 -496.

AMA Style

M. Al Aukidy, P. Verlicchi. Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 607-608 ():483-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Al Aukidy; P. Verlicchi. 2017. "Contributions of combined sewer overflows and treated effluents to the bacterial load released into a coastal area." Science of The Total Environment 607-608, no. : 483-496.

Book chapter
Published: 15 June 2017 in Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment
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ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi; Damia Barcelò; Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović; Matteo Papa; Mira Petrovic; Nick Voulvolis; Elena Zambello. The impact and risks of micropollutants in the environment. Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment 2017, 510 -533.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi, Damia Barcelò, Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović, Matteo Papa, Mira Petrovic, Nick Voulvolis, Elena Zambello. The impact and risks of micropollutants in the environment. Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment. 2017; ():510-533.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi; Damia Barcelò; Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović; Matteo Papa; Mira Petrovic; Nick Voulvolis; Elena Zambello. 2017. "The impact and risks of micropollutants in the environment." Innovative Wastewater Treatment & Resource Recovery Technologies: Impacts on Energy, Economy and Environment , no. : 510-533.

Chapter
Published: 11 June 2017 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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This final contribution highlights the main findings resulting from past studies on the characteristics, management, treatment and environmental implications of hospital effluents. Milestone investigations have been international projects (among which Poseidon, Pills, Nopills, Neptune, Knappe, ENDETECH, and PharmDegrade) as well as specific studies suggesting adequate treatments for the effluents of new hospital facilities or the upgrade of existing treatment plants with the aim of removing targeted pollutants occurring at extremely low concentrations (ng/L to μg/L). The different strategies in managing (a separate or a combined treatment) have been discussed and the debate on the current best technologies (conventional technologies + end-of-pipe treatments or advanced biological and chemical processes) is outlined through the presentation of specific full scale treatment plants. The new frontiers in the treatment of hospital effluents are shown by presenting ongoing lab and pilot scale investigations in different countries. What we expect in the near future are new findings regarding the occurrence and removal of new targeted pharmaceuticals, antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes, environmental risk assessment of the mixture of substances and with regard to chronic exposure, improvement in the removal of (well-known and new) targeted compounds by tested treatment trains.

ACS Style

Paola Verlicchi. Final Remarks and Perspectives on the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2017, 60, 231 -238.

AMA Style

Paola Verlicchi. Final Remarks and Perspectives on the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2017; 60 ():231-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Verlicchi. 2017. "Final Remarks and Perspectives on the Management and Treatment of Hospital Effluents." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 60, no. : 231-238.

Chapter
Published: 09 March 2017 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the occurrence of common pollutants and pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents. These common pollutants include a myriad of biological, inorganic and organic pollutants. Daily and weekly concentration variability is presented for many of the covered pollutants. Particular attention is given to heavy metals (gadolinium and platinum) and pharmaceuticals commonly used in hospitals. For pharmaceuticals, the prevalent therapeutic categories are presented and are found to be dependent on the type of healthcare facility – general hospital, specialized hospitals, wards, and units.

ACS Style

Tiago S. Oliveira; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2017, 17 -32.

AMA Style

Tiago S. Oliveira, Mustafa Al Aukidy, Paola Verlicchi. Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2017; ():17-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiago S. Oliveira; Mustafa Al Aukidy; Paola Verlicchi. 2017. "Occurrence of Common Pollutants and Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 17-32.

Chapter
Published: 25 February 2017 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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ACS Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy; Saeb Al Chalabi; Paola Verlicchi. Hospital Wastewater Treatments Adopted in Asia, Africa, and Australia. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2017, 60, 171 -188.

AMA Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy, Saeb Al Chalabi, Paola Verlicchi. Hospital Wastewater Treatments Adopted in Asia, Africa, and Australia. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2017; 60 ():171-188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mustafa Al Aukidy; Saeb Al Chalabi; Paola Verlicchi. 2017. "Hospital Wastewater Treatments Adopted in Asia, Africa, and Australia." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 60, no. : 171-188.