Premature ovarian failure (POF) is described as a loss of oocytes and the absence of folliculogenesis and is considered an adverse effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, which leads to infertility. Subsequently, the existing inquiry was achieved by exploring the potential suspicious influences of lemon peel extract (LPE), and resveratrol (RES) on cyclophosphamide (CPA) induced-POF. The results showed that CPA-induced POF significantly decreased serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels, along with a considerable rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Moreover, CPA administration to rats significantly increased the serum level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly lowered the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); in addition, it increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with the spread expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels and caspase-3 (Casp3) levels in ovarian tissues versus the control rats. However, treatment with LPE and RES suppressed the triggering of NF- κB pathways, evidenced by a considerable reduction in Casp3 & iNOS mRNA expression level and significant ameliorative effects in all evaluated parameters, as confirmed by the histological and immunohistochemical investigation when comparing the model group. In overall findings, both lemon peel extract and resveratrol can mitigate the adverse effects of CPA-induced POF. Most crucially, its combination therapy is a promising pharmacological agent for this disease.

Salvia officinalis Extract and 17β-Estradiol Suppresses Ovariectomy Induced Osteoporosis in Female Rats

هشاشة العظام: هو مرض عظمي مزمن (طويل الأمد) يتميز بانخفاض كثافة العظام وتدهور البنية الدقيقة لأنسجة العظام الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى: زيادة هشاشة العظام وارتفاع خطر الإصابة بالكسور. يحدث هذا المرض عندما تفقد العظام كتلتها بمعدل يفوق قدرة الجسم على تعويضها، مما يؤدي إلى ضعف القوة الهيكلية للعظام. نتيجة لذلك، يصبح الهيكل العظمي هشًا للغاية، لدرجة أن الصدمات البسيطة أو السقوط الطفيف قد يؤديان إلى كسور تُعرف بكسور الهشاشة. الجدير بالذكر أن هذا المرض لا تظهر له أعراض واضحة أو علامات تحذيرية قبل حدوث الكسر، ولهذا السبب يُطلق عليه غالبًا اسم "المرض الصامت". ويعود انخفاض قوة العظام إلى انخفاض كثافة المعادن فيها؛ مما يؤدي إلى زيادة هشاشتها وبالتالي ارتفاع قابلية الإصابة بالكسور.

Hepatic fibrosis is manifested by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue, and regenerative nodules. The rational of the present attempt was to evaluate the anti-fibrotic outcome of lycopene and resveratrol against hepatic fibrosis induced in obese rats. Hepatic fibrosis model was carried out by thioacetamide (TAA) intraperitoneal administration (200 mg/kg b.wt) twice a week for 6 weeks. Obese model was created by feeding the rats with high fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. The lean control group, was administered saline intraperitoneally twice weekly for 6 weeks after feeding a standard chow diet for 24 weeks. The obese control group received intraperitoneal injection of saline twice a week for 6 weeks after feeding a high fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. Hepatic fibrosis lean group received intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg b.wt) twice a week for 6 weeks . Hepatic fibrosis obese group received intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg b.wt) twice a week for 6 consecutive weeks after feeding HFD for 24 weeks. Lycopene prophylactic group was given 20 mg/kg b.wt of lycopene by intragastric gavage tube daily for 6 weeks simultaneously with intraperitoneal injection with TAA (200mg/kg b.wt) before feeding HFD for 24 weeks. Resveratrol prophylactic group received 30 mg/kg b.wt of resveratrol intragastrically daily for 6 weeks simultaneously with intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg b.wt) before feeding HFD for 24 weeks. Lycopene therapeutic group was given 20 mg/kg b.wt of lycopene by gastric intubation with an oral gavage daily for 6 weeks after feeding HFD and TAA administration. Resveratrol therapeutic group received 30 mg/kg b.wt of resveratrol orally by gastric tube daily for 6 weeks after feeding HFD and TAA administration. The obtained findings indicated significant higher values of the anthropometric arametersincluding body weight, body length, WC, AC and BMI in obese control group than in lean control one. Also, serum glucose, insulin and IR values showed significant elevation in obese control group versus the lean control group. These results evidenced the success of obese model. The present results also highlighted that the severity of hepatic fibrosis in obese rats is superior than that in the lean counterparts as indicated by the significant increased values of ALT, AST, cholesterol, TG, LDL, leptin, TGF-β and fibronectin as well as the hepatic immune reaction for α-SMA, CD31 and CD34. The administration of lycopene or resveratrol in obese rats with hepatic fibrosis recovered the values of serum ALT, AST, cholesterol, TG, LDL, leptin, TGF-β and fibronectin significantly as well as ameliorated the severity of immune reaction for hepatic α-SMA, CD31 and CD34 markedly. The net results were greatly supported by the histomorphological hallmark of liver tissue sections of the different studied groups. Based on these outcomes, this research work explored the pharmacological activity of lycopene and resveratrol against hepatic fibrosis from a holistic perspective.The behind mechanism of this effect was closely related to the intervention of inflammatory pathway through their anti-oxidative properties.