The goal of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-Exo) and copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) as biomaterials in order to understand the mechanisms that contribute to overcoming cadmium (Cad) induced neurological disorders in rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 10): group 1 was served as a negative control and receive vehicle saline (Con), group 2 Positive control groups were received Cad as cadmium chloride at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for six weeks (Cad group), group 3 was received Cad plus MSCs-Exo as a single dose of 100 μLi. v. (Cad + MSCs-Exo), group 4 was received Cad plus CuSNPs at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg orally (Cad + CuSNPs), group 5 was received Cad + MSCs-Exo + CuSNPs for six weeks. However, the activities of each acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), total antioxidant status (TAC) were measured. Also, the levels of ROS, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were evaluated. Beneficial effects on the behavior of animals were observed after treatment with MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs. Furthermore, the administration of MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs have been improve the TAC, BDNF and NGF via ameliorating the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Moreover, Histopathological studies had shown that great development in the brain of Cad rats treated with MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs. In conclusion, this study offers an overview of innovative stem cell therapy techniques and how to integrate them with nanotechnology to boost therapeutic performance.

In 2022, 2.5 million cases of lung cancer were diagnosed, resulting in 1.8 million deaths. These statistics have motivated us to introduce a new natural product which is feasible in lung cancer therapies. This comprehensive study was performed to study the effects of chia seed extracts (70% ethanol and petroleum ether) on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo models. The invitro cytotoxicity activity of the chia extracts was studied in lung cancer cell lines (A549 cells). After 48 h, chia alcohol and ether extracts showed more inhibitory influence (IC₅₀, 16.08, and 14.8 µg/mL, respectively) on A549 cells compared to Dox (IC₅₀, 13.6 µg/mL). In vivo, administration of chia alcohol and ether extracts (500 mg/kg/day, orally for 20 weeks) recovered 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung cancer, as a significant reduction in the lung cancer biomarkers, including the relative weight of the lung (20.0 and 13.33%), ICAM(31.73 and 15.66%), and c-MYC (80 and 96%) and MMP9(60 and 69%) expression genes, and improvement in these changes were observed by histopathological examinations of the lung tissues compared to the lung control. Chia seeds fought lung cancer via suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and activation apoptosis. These activities may be attributed to the chemical composition of chia, which is identified by LC-Mass, such as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and taxifolin. Finally, we can conclude that chia seeds have an anti-lung cancer effect with a good safety margin.

Lung cancer is a prevalent and very aggressive sickness that will likely claim 1.8 million lives by 2022, with an estimated 2.2 million additional cases expected worldwide. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether petroleum ether extract of purslane leaf could be used to treat lung cancer induced by 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-buta-4 none (NNK) in rats. In the in vitro extract recorded, promising anticancer effects in A540 cell lines with IC₅₀ were close to the reference drug, doxorubicin (14.3 and 13.8 μg/mL, respectively). A dose of 500 mg/kg/day orally for 20 weeks exhibited recovery effects on NNK-induced lung cancer with a good safety margin, where Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the lung cancer biomarker, was significantly reduced by about 18.75% compared to cancer control. Purslane exhibited many anticancer mechanisms, including (i) anti-proliferation as a significant reduction in Ki67 level (20.42%), (ii) anti-angiogenesis as evident by a considerable decrease in Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression (79%), (iii) anti-inflammation as a remarked decline in Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression (62%), (iv) pro-apoptotic effect as a significant activation in Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression (262%), and (v) anti-oxidation as remarkable activation on antioxidant biomarkers either non-enzymatic or enzymatic concurrent with considerable depletion on oxidative stress biomarker, in comparison to cancer control. The histopathological examination revealed that Purslane extract showed markedly improved tissue structure and reduced pathological changes across all examined organs caused by NNK. The anti-lung cancer effect exhibited by the extract may be linked to the active ingredients of the extract that were characterized by LC–MS, such as α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, β-sitosterol, and alkaloids (berberine and magnoflorine).

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in pumpkin and its nutritional importance. This study was designed to shed light on the seed oils of four Egyptian pumpkin (Cucurbitamaschata) cultivars (Qina, Edwa, Kafr-Saad and Kafr-El-Battikh)as new sources for the production of oil.The study included the determination of gross chemical composition of pumpkin seeds and some physicochemical properties of pumpkin seed oils such as the refractive index, acid value, peroxide, saponification number and the iodine value. Total lipids of pumpkin seed oils were fractionatedbythin layer chromatography technique (TLC).Tocopherol contents and total phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC technique. The results indicated that pumpkin seeds consider a rich source of protein and oil which ranged from 30 to 31% and 33 to 36% (on wet weight basis), respectively. They also contained relatively high levels of minerals.The major lipid component was the triglycerides which constituted from 69.09 to 80.31% of the total lipids, while polar lipids constituted the minor proportion (0.89 to 1.41% of total lipids).The total unsaturated fatty acids in pumpkin seed oils ranged from 70 to 73% and consisted mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, while the total saturated fatty acids ranged from 26.66 to 27.96% and consisted mainly of palmitic acid (16.02 to 17.17%) followed stearic acid (8.97 to 10.50% of total fatty acids).Tocopherol contents of the studied pumpkin seed oils were 98, 67, 158 and 111 mg/100g oil, while the total phenolic compounds were 6.86, 35.20, 55.34 and 0.27mg/kg oil for Qina, Edwa, Kafr-Saad and Kafr-El-Batikh, respectively.

Four Egyptian pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) cultivars namely: Qena, Edwa, Kafr-Saad and Kafr-El-Batikh were used in this study. The objective of this study was carried out to evaluate physical properties, chemical composition, mineral contents, beta-carotene as well as ascorbic acid contents of the fruits. Beside, preparation and evaluation of pumpkin flour, pumpkin marmalade and Qamar El-Din sheets product containing 10, 20 and 30% of pumpkin pulp. From physical properties data, there are differences in fruit shapes and weight of seeds per fruit among the studied cultivars. The pulp constituted ranged from 70 to 71.53%; peel from 26.49 to 27.99% and seed from 0.27 to 1.67% of fruits weight. The moisture content of fruits ranged from 91.33 to 94.88%, crude protein content from 0.60 to 1.35%; crude fat from 0.14 to 0.15%; crude fiber from 0.34 to 0.55%; Ash content ranged from 0.45 to 0.90% and carbohydrate from 3.59 to 5.68% (on wet weight basis). The mineral salts analysis indicated that pumpkin fruits are rich source of potassium (K) which ranged from 2350 to 2540 mg/100g on dry weight. Beta-carotene content ranged from 18 to 106 mg/100g (on dry weight basis) while, Vitamin C content ranged from 2.3 to 29.7 mg/100g of fresh fruits. Chemical composition of the prepared pumpkin flour indicated its high contents of protein, ash and crude fibers and could be a good complement for wheat flour as well as its used as a source of beta-carotene and yellow color supplement in bakery products. The highly organoleptic evaluation of the prepared pumpkin marmalade could be encourage to use this crop for producing marmalade, jams and preserves as a good application. An acceptability of panelists with no significant differences in taste and flavor between control and Qamar El-Din sheets product containing 10% of pumpkin pulp and could be produce this famous product in Arabic countries with lower price as well as find an other new use for pumpkin fruits.