The indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming increasing important in accurately determining the locations of objects by the utilization of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) involving smartphone sensors, embedded sources, mapping localizations, and wireless communication networks. Generally, a global positioning system (GPS) may not be effective in servicing the reality of a complex indoor environment, due to the limitations of the line-of-sight (LoS) path from the satellite. Different techniques have been used in indoor localization services (ILSs) in order to solve particular issues, such as multipath environments, the energy inefficiency of long-term battery usage, intensive labour and the resources of offline information collection and the estimation of accumulated positioning errors. Moreover, advanced algorithms, machine learning, and valuable algorithms have given rise to effective ways in determining indoor locations. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the positioning algorithms for indoors, based on advances reported in radio wave, infrared, visible light, sound, and magnetic field technologies. The traditional ranging parameters in addition to advanced parameters such as channel state information (CSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) are also presented for distance estimation in localization systems. In summary, the recent advanced algorithms can offer precise positioning behaviour for an unknown environment in indoor locations.

Assessment and evaluation of outcomes and continuous quality improvement often lead to uneasiness among engineering educators, which is a barrier to implementing an effective system of results-assessment. The sophisticated evaluation models and analytical instruments adopted by higher learning institutions are believed to worsen this uneasiness, impeding the successful implementation of programme quality improvement. In this paper, the challenges in assessing and evaluating learning outcomes, types of programme outcome assessment model and an analytical tool known as Engineering Outcome Analytics developed by Tunku Abdul Rahman University College for the assessment were presented. Documents related to quality improvement from two higher learning institutions in Malaysia were reviewed and discussed based on the key elements of continuous quality improvement. The results can be used to avoid the shortcomings and adopt the best practices in continuous quality improvement. With proper understanding on the key elements of continuous quality improvement, and adoption of culminating assessment model and a highly integrated analytical tool, engineering educators and programme owners are expected to benefit from this re-search in three ways. First, it cultivates a culture of continuous improvement of quality by increasing the educators' willingness to evaluate results. Second, it enhances their existing analytical tools to reflect students' actual developments, resulting in significant continuous actions to improve quality. Third, it satisfies the accreditation requirements on outcomes-based assessment.

The programme outcomes or synonymously known as graduate attributes stipulated in the International Engineering Alliance’s graduate attributes and professional competencies serve as a benchmark of standards for engineering education to higher learning institutions in Malaysia as well as other signatory countries under the educational accords. However, with regard to assessing the programme outcomes, the Engineering Accreditation Council Malaysia, similar to most accreditation bodies in the Washington Accord, does not prescribe any specific model to inspire innovation and creativity in assessment. As a result, higher learning institutions often experience challenges in implementing a model that can reflect students’ real performances in these programme outcomes. In essence, a few assessment models have been adopted, namely the accumulating, culminating and comprehensive culminating. This review paper unveiled the advantages and disadvantages of these models and revealed why the comprehensive culminating model is a better approach in the Malaysian experience. From the literature review, and document analysis of accreditation visit reports and records from some accreditation bodies and higher learning institutions, a systematic approach to implement the comprehensive culminating assessment model is proposed. This approach will be useful for higher learning institutions and faculty members in the Washington Accord signatory countries in sustaining assessment efforts.

Background A novel low-loss 4 × 4 Butler Matrix structure for 26 GHz operation is designed in this study. The proposed 4 × 4 antenna Butler matrix comprises an inscribed structure, which makes it fundamentally different from traditional beam-forming networks in 5G 26-GHz applications. Method This novel Butler matrix comprises four hybrid couplers without crossovers or phase shifters. To reduce the size, magnitude, and phase difference, and to increase the bandwidth, interdigital and non-metallic vias are used in the coupler design. The performance of the proposed matrix was simulated using the CST software and implemented on a Rogers 8085 substrate. It was also interfaced with four substrate-integrated waveguide slot antennas to demonstrate its distinct beam scanning capability. Results The matrix yielded an error magnitude loss of 1 dB and a phase error of 1.7° with a broad operational bandwidth of 3 GHz. The measured coupling factor of the 4 × 4 Butler matrix at 26 GHz is -6 ±1 dB at the output. The measured results validate that four phase-scanning states at -14.3°, 14.88°, -32.21°, and 31.33° can be realized with return losses of less than -10 dB. Conclusions The proposed design achieves a compact, efficient, and low-loss beamforming solution suitable for 5G applications at 26 GHz, demonstrating distinct scanning features without the need for crossovers or phase shifters.

Economic and institutional factors influence foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. To address limitations in previous regional research, this study uses a balanced panel dataset spanning 19 years across all ten ASEAN member states. Employing a panel EGLS (cross-sectional SUR) methodology, we evaluate all six Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), both aggregated and disaggregated, alongside five macroeconomic controls: economic growth, exchange rate, financial development, unemployment, and human development. Results indicate that while aggregate governance significantly influences FDI, individual WGI dimensions are heterogeneous. Specifically, voice and accountability, rule of law, and control of corruption consistently exert positive effects, whereas other dimensions are inconsistent or unexpectedly negative. All control variables remain significant, aligning with theoretical frameworks. This study contributes through its full regional coverage and detailed analysis of governance dimensions, providing a clearer understanding of investment behaviors. The findings offer important policy implications: achieving sustainable economic growth via FDI requires targeted improvements in specific governance dimensions rather than broad institutional changes.