The primary aim of this review article is to find the influence of wastewater and its characteristics on recycling as an alternative to potable water for concrete preparation. On the other hand, scarcity, and the demand for freshwater for drinking are also increasing day by day around the globe. About a billion tons of freshwater is consumed daily for concrete preparation for various operations such as mixing and curing, to name a few. The rapid development of certain industries such as textile, casting, stone cutting, and concrete production has caused the water supply to be severely affected. Recycling wastewater in concrete offers various potential benefits like resource conservation, environmental protection, cost savings, and enhanced sustainability. This article reviews the effect of various types of wastewater on various physical and chemical properties of wastewater, rheological characteristics, strength, durability, and microstructure properties of concrete. It also explores the potential effects of decomposing agents on enhancing concrete properties. Currently, limited research is available on the use of various types of wastewater in concrete. Hence, there is a need to develop various methods and procedures to ensure that the utilization of wastewater and treated wastewater is carried out in the production of concrete in a sustainable manner. Although wastewater can reduce the workability of fresh concrete, it can also increase its strength and long-term performance of concrete. The use of various types of wastewater, such as reclaimed water and tertiary-treated wastewater, was found to be superior compared to those using industrial- or secondary-treated wastewater. Researchers around the globe agree that wastewater can cause various detrimental effects on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete, but the reductions were not significant. To overcome limited scientific contributions, this article reviews all the available methods of using various types of wastewater to make concrete economically and environmentally friendly. This research also addresses possible challenges with respect to the demand for freshwater and the water crisis.

The primary objective of this research is to utilize an industrial waste byproduct such as waste foundry sand (WFS) as an alternative for fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete (SCC). This research focuses on the use of WFS in SCC to enhance durability and mechanical properties, to find an alternative for fine aggregate in SCC, to reduce the disposal challenges of WFS, and to make SCC lightweight and environmentally friendly. Initially, WFS was treated with chemical (H₂SO₄), segregating, and sieving to remove the foreign matter and clay content. For this study, WFS is considered in varying percentages such as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. For this investigation, M60 grade SCC is considered as per Indian standards and EFNARC guidelines. After that, this research focuses on tests on various fresh properties of SCC in each batch to find the flowability and passing ability of various mixes prepared using WFS. Similarly, the mechanical properties of SCC such as compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength tests were performed at 7, 28, and 90 days curing periods, respectively. Likewise, durability properties of SCC were found in all the mixes prepared using WFS such as water absorption, sorptivity, resistance to chemical attack, and chloride ion penetration; tests of these properties were performed at 28 and 90 days curing periods, respectively. Based on the experimental investigation of SCC, it was found that WFS can be used in M60 grade SCC as an alternative for fine aggregate up to 30% without compromising much on its properties. Finally, this establishes that using treated WFS in SCC helps in reducing the generation of waste and prevails as a meaningful utilization method. This research will also establish that the use of treated WFS will reduce the density and make SCC a lightweight, green, and sustainable material.

The availability of productive land is significantly impacted by the global phenomenon of urbanization. The amount of land available for food production and other essential activities decreases as cities grow because the urban perimeter encroaches on rural and natural areas. Conducting research on urban sprawl analysis and land use land cover (LULC) change assessment is essential in ensuring sustainable urban growth. Bengaluru, a rapidly expanding metropolitan city, has a significant impact on the area around it, making it a prime location for this kind of study. In this study, authors sought to assess how urban sprawl affected LULC in the Bengaluru rural district that surrounds the city of Bengaluru. The study evaluated changes in LULC over a two-decade period using remote sensing data and GIS tools. Five LULC classes were used to categorize the study area: settlement, waterbody, vegetation, agriculture, and barren land. The maximum likelihood technique was used to classify Landsat images from three different time periods using the supervised image classification method in the ERDAS software. Accuracy assessment was used to gauge the classified images accuracy. The studys important findings showed how the LULC classes in the study area have been negatively impacted by the urban sprawl. The study emphasizes the significance of ongoing research in LULC change assessment and urban sprawl analysis to ensure sustainable urban growth and safeguard the availability of productive land.