The Caatinga is the largest nucleus of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) in the Neotropics. The leafing patterns of SDTF vegetation are adapted to the current environmental and climate variability, but the impacts of climate change tend to alter plants’ phenology. Thus, it is necessary to characterise phenological parameters and evaluate the relationship between vegetation and environmental drivers. From this information, it is possible to identify the dominant forces in the environment that trigger the phenological dynamics of the Caatinga. In this way, remote sensing represents an essential tool to investigate the phenology of vegetation, particularly as it has a long series of vegetation monitoring and allows relationships with different environmental drivers. This study has two objectives: (i) estimate phenological parameters using an Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time-series over 20 years, and (ii) characterise the relationship between phenologic dynamics and environmental drivers. TIMESAT software was used to determine four phenological parameters: Start Of Season (SOS), End Of Season (EOS), Length Of Season (LOS), and Amplitude (AMPL). Boxplots, Pearson’s, and partial correlation coefficients defined relationships between phenologic dynamics and environmental drivers. The non-parametric test of Fligner–Killeen was used to test the interannual variability in SOS and EOS. Our results show that the seasonality of vegetation growth in the Caatinga was different in the three experimental sites. The SOS was the parameter that presented the greatest variability in the days of the year (DOY), reaching a variation of 117 days. The sites with the highest SOS variability are the same ones that showed the lowest EOS variation. In addition, the values of LOS and AMPL are directly linked to the annual distribution of rainfall, and the longer the rainy season, the greater their values are. The variability of the natural cycles of the environmental drivers that regulate the ecosystem’s phenology and the influence on the Caatinga’s natural dynamics indicated a greater sensitivity of the phenologic dynamics to water availability, with precipitation being the limiting factor of the phenologic dynamics. Highlights: The EVI time series was efficient in estimating phenological parameters. The high variability of the start of season (SOS) occurred in sites with low variability of end of the season (EOS) and vice versa. The precipitation and water deficit presented a higher correlation coefficient with phenological dynamics. Length of Season (LOS) and amplitude (AMPL) are directly linked to the annual distribution of rainfall.

Field-based soil moisture measurements are cumbersome. Thus, remote sensing techniques are needed because allows field and landscape-scale mapping of soil moisture depth-averaged through the root zone of existing vegetation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of an empirical relationship to calculate soil moisture from remote sensing data of irrigated soils of the Apodi Plateau, in the Brazilian semiarid region. The empirical relationship had previously been tested for irrigated soils in Mexico, Egypt, and Pakistan, with promising results. In this study, the relationship was evaluated from experimental data collected from a cotton field. The experiment was carried out in an area of 5 ha with irrigated cotton. The energy balance and evaporative fraction (Λ) were measured by the Bowen ratio method. Soil moisture (θ) data were collected using a PR2 - Profile Probe (Delta-T Devices Ltd). The empirical relationship was tested using experimentally collected Λ and θ values and was applied using the Λ values obtained from the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and three TM - Landsat 5 images. There was a close correlation between measured and estimated θ values (p<0.05, R² = 0.84) and there were no significant differences according to the Student t-test (p<0.01). The statistical analyses showed that the empirical relationship can be applied to estimate the root-zone soil moisture of irrigated soils, i.e. when the evaporative fraction is greater than 0.45.

This article explores whether a shift in development paradigm resulted in coexistence with semi-aridity for residents of the Semi-Arid region of Brazil (SAB). If so, which strategies contributed and which conditions facilitated it? We conducted a comparative analysis of the transformations that occurred in 10 territories of the SAB during two time periods: PI (1973–2001) when “development” policies almost exclusively aimed to “combat drought and its effects”; and PII (2002–2016) when a concept of coexistence with semi-aridity informed policy making. Our study from the 10 territories of the SAB show significant changes between PI and PII. On average, there was a substantial improvement in Access to Water Infrastructure (+33%∆), Diversification of Production Systems (Animals +36%∆; Crops +61%∆), Management of Common Pool Resources (+45%∆), Involvement in Spaces of Political Organizing (+24%∆), and Access to Public Programs (+29%∆). As such, “coexistence” went from concept to action as a consequence of structural, agroecological, social, and management transformations in combination with a strengthening of mechanisms for community reciprocity. These were characterized by (a) the creation of resource reserves for use during times of drought; (b) the efficient use of available natural resources; and (c) enhanced articulation between diverse actors.

Este trabalho apresenta análises de projeções de mudanças nos campos de precipitação e temperatura em simulações de downscaling dinâmico no contexto do projeto CORDEX. O domínio da simulação corresponde às Américas Tropicais, mas a região de estudo se restringe a duas sub-regiões do Nordeste Brasileiro: Norte (NNEB) e Sul (SNEB). O modelo regional utilizado nas simulações foi o RAMS6.0, forçado por dados do modelo global HadGEM2-ES. Foram analisados os períodos presente e três "fatias de tempo" futuras sob o cenário climático RCP8.5. Para a precipitação e temperatura no clima presente, a simulação foi comparada com os dados do CRU com finalidade de avaliar o desempenho e os erros de viés dos modelos. O RAMS6.0 mostra-se superior ao HadGEM2-ES em aspectos como, a representação da fase do ciclo anual de precipitação e temperatura, redução do viés seco na estação seca sobre o NNEB e distribuição espacial de ambas as variáveis, especialmente temperatura. Entretanto, o RAMS6.0 também exacerba alguns erros do modelo global, como o viés úmido na estação chuvosa. No clima futuro, foram analisadas as mudanças nos valores climatológicos e nos campos anuais das duas variáveis. Alguns padrões projetados pelos dois modelos incluem redução da precipitação no inverno austral e aumento da temperatura no decorrer do século.

A crescente geração de efluentes líquidos e o seu lançamento no meio ambiente tem-se constituído numa preocupação mundial devido aos impactos negativos gerados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis impactos da aplicação do efluente proveniente da suinocultura, após seu tratamento, nos atributos químicos do solo, em área cultivada com algodão. O experimento foi realizado no Perímetro Irrigado Formoso, no município de Bom Jesus da Lapa, BA, em área experimental da Companhia de Desenvolvimento dos Vales do São Francisco e do Parnaíba - CODEVASF. Foram testados cinco tratamentos: MC - manejo convencional = água de "boa qualidade" + adubação química; ET100 = 100 % de efluente tratado; ET75:25 = 75 % de efluente tratado + 25 % de água boa; ET50:50 = 50 % de efluente tratado + 50 % de água boa; ET25:75 = 25 % de efluente tratado + 75 % de água boa. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os atributos químicos do solo avaliados foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn e Cu. Em geral, quanto aos atributos químicos do solo, a adoção do manejo com efluente tratado apresentou resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o MC, favorecendo a melhoria da fertilidade do solo e constituindo-se em uma fonte alternativa de fertilização de baixo custo. O efluente tratado, independentemente do fator de diluição, também demonstrou ser uma fonte alternativa de água.