We investigated emotion profiles among undergraduate students with lived experience of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and their associations with different NSSI functions and other dysregulated behaviors, including risky drinking, symptoms of borderline personality disorder, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and stress. A sample of 270 undergraduate students (84% female, M_age = 21.5 years) with a history of self-injury completed well-validated measures of self-injury, emotion regulation, alexithymia, coping strategies and of other dysregulated behaviors. A K-means cluster analysis was conducted to extract emotion profiles from the data. Analyses of variance were used to test associations between emotion profiles, demographic factors, functions of NSSI and comorbid dysregulated behaviors. A three-cluster solution was supported. Similar characteristics were presented regarding difficulties in emotion regulation and alexithymia between the considerate emotion difficulties and the passive moderate emotion difficulties groups, although they demonstrated different associations with the functions of NSSI and other dysregulating behaviors. This emphasizes the importance of investigating the type of coping strategies used during functional assessment to inform future treatment. The group reporting no emotion difficulties engaged in more adaptive coping strategies compared to the others. These emotion profiles and their association with NSSI functions could be used to develop more person-centered interventions for NSSI.

The solvent 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) is formed during thermal decomposition of the initiator 2,4-dichlorobenzoylperoxide in the production of silicone rubber with potential exposure of production workers as shown in previous works. Despite a threshold limit value (MAK value) of 2 ppm in air, there are currently no data about the corresponding internal exposure that would allow for the derivation of a biological limit value. In the present study, we have investigated the absorption of 1,3-DCB and urinary kinetics of its metabolites in 10 human volunteers after controlled inhalative exposure. Due to the strong odour of 1,3-DCB, a subjective evaluation of odour nuisance was also performed. Ten male human volunteers (23–36 yrs.) were exposed 6 h/day to a concentration of 0.7 ppm and 1.5 ppm in the Aachen workplace simulation laboratory (AWSL) with one week between each experiment. In order to investigate potential dermal absorption, the volunteers were exposed to 1.5 ppm wearing a suitable filter mask that prevented inhalative exposure in a third exposure. 1,3-DCB in blood was measured after 3 and 6 h exposure and the urinary metabolites 3,5-dichlorocatechol (3,5-DCC), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) were measured over 24 h after exposure via LC/MS/MS. There were clear dose–response relations for all investigated parameters. The maximum excretion of the metabolites was reached at the end of exposure and corresponded to 5.2 ± 0.7 mg/g crea, 1.5 ± 0.35 mg/g crea and 0.07 ± 0.011 mg/g crea at 0.7 ppm and to 12.0 ± 3 mg/g crea, 3.5 ± 1.1 mg/g crea and 0.17 ± 0.05 mg/g crea at 1.5 ppm for 3,5-DCC, 2,4-DCP and 3,5-DCP, respectively. The use of filter masks decreased the internal exposure for about 85–90%, indicating substantial dermal absorption. Odour perception did not show a dose–response, probably due to fast olfactory adaption. The human study presented here provides an excellent basis for deriving a biological limit value for 1,3-DCB.