Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. According to their biogenesis and release pathway, EVs can be divided into three categories: apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs). Recently, the role of EVs in oral disease has received close attention. In this review, the main characteristics of EVs are described, including their classification, biogenesis, biomarkers, and components. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of EVs in tissue regeneration is discussed. We further summarize the current status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and discuss the potential mechanisms. The therapeutic potential of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration might involve the promotion of tissue regeneration and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we highlight the current challenges in the translational use of EVs. This review would provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of EVs in dental pulp and periodontal regeneration.

The traditional teaching methods for apexification face difficulties in meeting dental students’ practical training needs. Herein, we aimed to find optimal techniques of learning apexification and to evaluate whether a virtual simulation platform for apexification learning was effective. A virtual simulation learning platform for apexification was developed. Ninety-nine 4th-year dentistry students were classified randomly into the control group (Con, receiving conventional teaching) and the experimental group (Exp, receiving virtual simulation teaching). Theoretical tests before (test 1) and after the virtual simulation training (test 2) assessed the effect of learning. In the Exp group, a questionnaire was used to assess student understanding of the virtual simulation platform. In the Exp group, the test-2 scores were significantly better compared those in the Con group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in the Exp group, the test-2 scores exceeded those of test 1 (p < 0.001). Feedback using the questionnaire covered the evaluation of the Exp group for the virtual reality platform and offered useful suggestions. Applying the virtual simulation learning platform had positive effects on improving learning quality related to apexification.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived apoptotic vesicles (UMSC-apoVs) in a 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced impairment in skin wound healing. Methods: UMSC-apoVs were isolated from UMSCs using differential centrifugation after the induction of apoptosis. A murine model was established by administering 5-FU via intravenous tail injection, followed by full-thickness skin wound creation. Mice received local injections of UMSC-apoVs at the lesion site. Wound healing was evaluated based on wound closure rates, histological analysis, and in vivo/in vitro functional assays. Rotenone (Rot)-pretreated UMSC-apoVs were used to explore the role of mitochondrial transfer between skin mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) and UMSC-apoVs in wound healing. Results: UMSC-apoVs significantly accelerated wound healing in 5-FU-treated mice, as demonstrated by enhanced wound closure rates and histological findings of reduced inflammatory infiltration and increased collagen deposition. UMSC-apoVs transferred mitochondria to SMSCs, enhancing viability, proliferation, and migration while reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in SMSCs. Rot pretreatment inhibited the therapeutic effects of UMSC-apoVs on wound healing by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in UMSC-apoVs. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that UMSC-apoVs improve 5-FU-induced impaired skin wound healing by facilitating mitochondrial transfer, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating chemotherapy-induced impairment in wound healing.