With the continuous integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat transfer of the electronic devices continues to surge. This means that thermal management equipment with higher heat flux cooling capacity is required to maintain its normal operation. This paper systematically reviews the progress of spray cooling. In the first part, the thermal dissipation mechanism of spray cooling in the non-boiling regime and boiling regime are summarized, and the correlation formula of heat transfer is summarized. In the second part, the influencing factors of various parameters of the nozzle are summarized, the experimental research and numerical simulation research are summarized separately, and some means and methods to strengthen heat transfer are listed. In the third part, we summarize the current application research of spray cooling in some hot new fields, including electronic technology, aerospace, biomedicine, battery safety, etc. The research prospects and challenges in these fields are highlighted. This research provides a timely and necessary study of spray cooling.

A full-cylinder CFD model was developed to investigate methyl decanoate (MD)/diethyl ether (DEE) blends in a MAN B&W 7S80ME-C9 two-stroke diesel engine at 75% load. The model retained the multi-injector configuration, asymmetric spray development, scavenging and exhaust processes, and in-cylinder combustion of the 800 mm-bore engine. Four equal-energy cases, MD100, MD95, MD90, and MD85, were considered, with DEE energy fractions of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. DEE blending regulated spray evaporation, mixture formation, heat-release phasing, and expansion work conversion. Increasing the DEE fraction enhanced evaporation and gas-phase mixing, but stronger mixing did not necessarily improve thermal performance. The peak-pressure trend differed from the net indicated work trend, indicating that work output was governed more by pressure evolution during expansion than by peak pressure alone. MD90 maintained stronger post-injection heat release and a more favorable equivalence-ratio distribution, thereby achieving the highest net indicated work, 6.70% higher than MD100. Although MD90 showed a high mean temperature, it produced the lowest NO and NO₂ emissions because NO_X formation depended on the local coupling of temperature, oxygen availability, equivalence ratio, and residence time. The CO₂ level was lowest for MD100 among the four fuel cases. At 75% load, MD90 provided a favorable balance among heat-release phasing, net indicated work, and emission control across the four investigated fuel cases.